Poverty and Crime Correllation

Poverty and Crime Correllation America is experiencing poverty at an increasing rate in terms of the number of children in poverty and the intensity of poverty. There are approximately 15.3 million U.S. Children living in households defined as falling below the poverty line (Duncan, 1998), and they are increasingly concentrated in impoverished and underclass neighborhood (Greenwood, 1995). One-third of all children experience poverty in at least one year of their life and only one in twenty experiences ten or more years of poverty. Poverty has become a major concern in the United States because of the effects it has on the youth in our society. Many young children are faced with lack of food, inadequate living conditions, and lack of parental guidance. Strains are placed on children living in poverty as young as the age of seven. Children living in poverty generally isolated from mainstream society, dont have access to community organizations, poor schools, low self-esteem, depression, behavioral problems in school, and engage in delinquent activities. Delinquency among the poor has been studied over the years to see if there is a relationship between delinquency and poverty. Theories have suggested the link between delinquency and poverty is due to unemployment, family disruption, lack of education, marital disruption, female- headed households, teenage pregnancy, isolation of poorer neighborhoods, lack of role models in the communities, less supervised youth programs, and no formal community networks to deter potential criminal (Anderson, 1993; Hannerz, 1968; Liebow, 1967, Rainwater 1970, Sullivan, 1993, Sutles, 1968). The link between poverty and crime is diverse (Jargowsky and Bane, 1991). The reasons why people who are living in poverty commit criminal acts vary from crime being the only opportunity to achieve a higher level of socioeconomic status to enhance financial ability. People of all class commit crime for different reasons, but it has been proven over the years by different researchers that people living in poverty commit more crime than any other class. This literature will focus on what is known about the poverty and delinquency, the gaps in this field, method used in this field, and current study in this field. Literature Review How Poverty is defined and measured? How poverty is defined and measures has attributed to different results in the study of poverty and crime. Poverty has been defined in several different ways. One definition of poverty is a situation in which a persons income is below 60% of the median income of a country. According to the Census Bureau, poverty is defined an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter. The official poverty measurement was adopted in the last 1960s and it consisted of a set of thresholds for families of different sizes and composition that are compared to a resource measure to determine a family poverty status. The thresholds represent the cost of a minimum diet multiplied by three to allow for expenditures on other goods and services. This measurement of poverty had several weaknesses according to the National Research Council and the Panel on Poverty and Family. The official measurement did not take into consideration the expenses it takes to hold a job, and it does not reflect the effects of key government policies that alter the disposable income available to families (Citro and Michael, 1995). Alternatives approaches to measure to poverty thresholds were viewed by in 1995 by the Panel on Poverty and Family in regards to experimental poverty measures. For experimental purposes, poverty was measured by a dollar amount for food, clothing, shelter, and utilities, as well as a small amount for needs such as transportation expenses, expenses to maintain a household, and personal care. The panel developed a threshold designed for a family of four- a mother, a father, and two children. According to the panel, thresholds can be adjusted for the needs of families of different sizes and composition and geographic locations. Paul Jargowsky, one of the most well known researchers on poverty and crime, adopted only a small fraction of the official measure of poverty recommendations of the Panel of Poverty and Family. During his methodology for his many studies, he measured poverty by calculating a simple poverty score by determining the proportion of high poverty census tracks within a city during his several different studies. He believed that the cut off threshold was 40% of poor residents, and other researchers such as (Wilson, 1996) used 30% threshold to represent poverty. Data from the Census Bureau has also been used to measure poverty as well. The percentage in poverty is calculated as the percentage of the total population in the census that fall below the Social Security Administrations poverty line. Poverty definitions and measurement differ from researcher to researcher; therefore, results in research will vary depending on what definition and measure of poverty is adopted (Jargowsky and Bane, 1991; Rickets and Sawhill, 1988; Wilson, 1996). Why People living in Poverty Commit Crime People living in poverty commit crimes for several different reasons. Survival in the poverty stricken neighborhoods is one of the main reasons for criminal behavior. Often times, many people have to commit crimes such as robbery or burglary as a mean to have financial gain in order to feed themselves and their children or to be able to maintain their household expenses. People also commit crime because it is the norm to take the law into their own hands (Cooney, 1997). High poverty areas do not have the access to the local law enforcement as other areas normally have. Law enforcement is often viewed as not being helpful; therefore, we see many retaliatory crimes committed in these areas. Retaliatory violence in response to disrespect becomes a way to achieve status in the absence of other opportunities. People living in such neighborhoods believe that they have to take the law into their own hands because the local authorities have failed to protect them Kurban and Weitzer (2003). T he response time to such neighborhoods is much slower compared to neighborhoods in the suburbs, and everyone is viewed as a criminal when they may actually be a victim. Crime in poorer communities is a just a form of self help (Anderson, 1993). Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option (Wilson, 1987). Money that is made by committing crimes such as illegally selling crack cocaine, or another type of drug, or money that was obtain illegally is used to established some type of legal business establishment. Once the legal business is established, there is no longer a need to commit crime and this places the individual into another class. Crime is also committed to have fun or have something to do to occupy an individuals time (Agnew, 1992). Grand Theft Auto is one of those crimes that are committed to just have fun. Many people, especially, adolescents, commit this offense to joyride around the city. Many youth begin a life of crime because of their parents ineffective parental practices. Being poor and having children to provide for can lead to emotional distress. Parents are inconsistence with their children, forceful, and extremely harsh and the bond between parent and child is weaken (Sampson and Laub, 1994). When that bond weakens, children are more at risk for deviant behavior. Parents are also not involved with their childrens education as other parents in mainstream society. It has been proven that poor performance in school is associated with the onset of delinquency (Maguin and Loeber, 1996). School is often viewed as a place to go to fight and steal from classmates rather than a learning institution. Obtaining an education is not stressed by some parents to their children; therefore; their children never understand the importance of education. School is looked at as a place for fighting, bullying, stealing, and just a place to hang out. Poor children are not successful in school. They have been found to be deficient in reading and mathematical skills (Beebe, 1993). Rewards from the school environment are limited by the lack of school success, therefore, the risk for delinquency is increase and a life is crime behavior is developed (Mofitt, 1981). Growing up in an isolated poverty community, children are told they can not achieve high academics because of their living conditions. Many children are forced to withdraw from school because of attendance. Missing school on a daily basis is a norm in high poverty areas because children lack decent or proper clothing for different types of weather, the lack transportation. They may faced interrupted utility services and over crowdedness in the home they may hinder their ability to attend school and learn (Swain, 2006) Poverty and Delinquency (Isolation) . Poverty can be classified into three types which are persistent poverty, underclass poverty, and ghetto poverty (Wilson, 1996). Many studies have link poverty to geographic isolation and street crime as crime and violence (Anderson, 1999). High poverty areas are generally clustered together and are isolated from mainstream society. Jargowsky (1996) suggested that the loss of jobs in the poor neighborhoods, and the creation of managerial and professional jobs in the suburbs lead to economic segregation. Isolated neighborhoods are deprived of the basic needs that it needs to prevent problems such as violence and crime. Excellent schools, churches and reinforcements of morals and values that mainstream society lives are absent from the neighborhoods that are segregated (Jargowsky 1996). Segregation from mainstream society has limited people in high poverty areas to have contact with people in mainstream society. Due to the limited contact, poor people are not given the opportunity to see values and norms that the remaining of society bases their lives. People living in mainstream society base their life around obtaining the American Dream. They believe in college education, marriage, family, career, and home ownership. In poorer communities, these values and beliefs are irrelevant and replaced with norms that are appropriate for their environment (Wilson, 1987). As suggested, the norms for most poor people are some form of criminal behavior. Poor people tend to only associated themselves with others that are poor. This is mainly because they feel intimated by someone who has higher socioeconomic status, or someone who has a higher education level than themselves. They are most comfortable with someone who is receiving welfare or some form of assistance from the government. Seeing only criminal behavior and not being able to see mainstream societys behavior severely handicaps poor people. Behavior is learned; and if an individual is isolated and only see crime being committed within their communities, they will be more likely to commit crime. For the high poverty stricken areas, criminal behavior is spread throughout the community and thus creates a powerful predictor for delinquency (McDonough, 1992). Some members of the isolated would like to move to a more their families to a more affluent neighborhood to decrease the chances of their young children engaging in delinquency (Ludwig, 1998). Children will have more opportunities, better education, better job networks, and will be able to achieve the American Dream. Moving from a poor isolated community to a more affluent community can be difficult for some of the residents. Due to the isolation, they are often afraid and believe they are not intelligent enough, and fear they will be rejected by society because of their background. Poverty and Delinquency (Time and Persistence) People who are identified as poor do not have the same experience of poverty. The difference in the experience of poverty is based on its persistence and its timing (Franworth, 1994). Poverty early in a childs life and the longer a child lives in poverty are strong indicators of delinquency (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1997). Many children are born into poverty and remain in poverty throughout their entire childhood. This type of poverty is known as persistent poverty. African Americans experience poverty longer than other ethnicity groups, and the elevated rate of delinquency among African Americans is contributed to lower socioeconomic status and urbanization (Hawkins, Laub, and Lauritsen, 1998). Recent studies confirm that exits from poverty are higher for household headed by white males and much lower for those headed by black females (Steven, 1994). A child living in persistent poverty faces a wide range of behavior problems that leads to delinquency. Some of these problems are school related issues such as fighting, humiliation, and anger. Duncan (1994) investigated the impact of persistent poverty on children who were five years old. The study indicated that the effects of short-term poverty are not as large as the effects on persistent poverty (Duncan et, al., 1994; 307). Delinquency is most prevalent in persistent poverty than short-term poverty. Poverty early in a childs life can be detrimental because it is then when shaping of a child is most important. If poverty is experienced later in a childs life, it can affect school attendance and possible it can be a factor in whether a child graduates from high school or not (Duncan, 1998). School is not a priority for an adolescent living in poverty; but rather, living conditions, survival, negative influences within the community, and any emotional issues that may arise within a child living in poverty. Previous Researchers Studies and Methods To determine the link between poverty and crime, determines what type of method is used. Ethnographic research is best used to examine the relationship between poverty and delinquency (Anderson, 1990; Jankowski, 1991; Sullivan, 1989; Williams and Kornblum, 1985). This type of study link other factors such as persistent unemployment, marital disruption, and female-headed household and teenage pregnancy to poverty and delinquency (Anderson, 1993). Ethnographic is best for capturing persistent poverty which is living in poverty for a period of eight years or longer (Duncan and Rogers, 1991). Although the best method, it would take at least a ten year longitudinal study which most researchers dont have the time to dedicate to such study. Individual analysis is the most convincing type of research, but provides the least support between poverty and crime (Jankowski, 1995, Tittle and Meier, 1990). Empirical research has also suggested that persistent poverty leads to crime (Currie, 1985; H agen and Peterson, 1995; Jencks, 1992; Krivo and Peterson, 1996; Sampson and Wilson, 1995). Researchers such as Coulton, Chow, Wang and Su (1996), Massey and Denton (1998), and Lee (2000) used at least one of the three measures while looking at poverty segregation in 100 metropolitan areas. The first measure used was the proportion of poor families living in the extreme poverty census track. The second measure was proportion of poor families living that would need to move to a different census track to achieve an equal distribution of poverty throughout the metropolitan area, and the last measure was the probability that poor families would encounter other poor families within their census track. These three measures are distant, but are empirically related (Coultron et al. (1996). To show the poverty by census track, Pittsburg (PA) and Cincinnati (OH) cities with near the same in population (334,563 verses 330,662) was used. Cincinnati had 31.2 % of its poor residents living in the census track in which 40% of the tract residents are poor in contrast to 22.5% in Pittsburg. It was suggested that poor residents living in Cincinnatis poverty ring are more geographically and socially isolated from non-poverty tracks that are resident s of Pittsburghs high poverty track. In 2000, 236 cities with a minimum population of 100,000 were used in a research that focused on the relationship between poverty clustering and crimes in the cities. For the purpose of the research, the Uniform Crime Reports and the Census of Population and Housing were the two data sources used. The Census of Population and Housing calculated the percent of residents on poverty in each census tract. This study used two tracks for the research; one track for 30% poor census track and one for contiguous 40% poor census tracks. The study took the median age of city residents because the crime rates are most likely be committed by younger residents (Baller, Messner, Deane, and Howkins, 2001; Cohenand Land, 1987). Other factors that were measured in this study were unemployment, African Americans, and female headed households. This study concluded that social isolation rather than deprivation contributed to the relationship of segregation and crime. Longitudinal data spanning over 14 years was used to measure the level of exposure to poverty and its timing and used to examine the relationship between poverty and delinquency. The sample population range in ages from 10 -15 years old and a face to face interview were conducted from 1979-1992. This study had an over representation of Hispanic and African- Americans disadvantage youths. The sampling in this study has several limitations. First limitation was the self-reporting of delinquency for the youth, and no one older than the age of 15 could participant in the study. This sample is not a national representation of all children living in poverty between the ages of 10-15. Exposure to poverty was measure by the number of years the youths family lived in poverty. The family income was measure by each year the family was below the poverty level, thus was the divided by the youths age to determine the percent the youth spent in poverty in his/her lifetime. The study also examined t he impact of poverty at different stages in life (Brooks-Gunn, 1997). Stages in a youth life were measured form birth to 5 years old, from 6 to 10 years old, and from 11 and older. The results of this study indicated that the extent that the level of exposure to poverty is important in the likelihood of delinquency. It also revealed that poverty had more effect on a child in the early years of development (Jarjoura and Triplett, 2002) Kurbin and Weitzer (2003) studied retaliatory homicides in St. Louis. They found that retaliatory homicides were more prevalent in disadvantage isolated communities. They took narratives from individuals who were involved in homicides and they confessed retaliation was associated with a mistrust of the police. Kurbin and Weizer (2003) concluded that disadvantage isolated communities suffer from policing vacuum and promotes cultural values to settle disputes among themselves. Kurbin and Weizer were not the only researchers that concluded that crime is way to settle disputes. Anderson (1999) and Wilson (1897) argued that poor people who are isolated developed a set of alternative norms in order to survive on the streets. Cooney (1997) also argued that poor people engage in more criminal behavior because the limited access to the law. To truly capture the relationship between poverty and crime, ethnographic research is the most productive type of study. A field researcher will have the opportunity to capture the lives of people living in poverty for an extended period of time. This type of research will provide the answers to why people living in poverty become delinquent and a researcher will understand the struggles and hardships poor people face. A researcher conducting ethnographic research will be able to explain in his findings the state of mind of someone living in poverty and clearly explain why criminal activity has become a way of life. Many different researchers have conducted research using different methods, but most of the researchers have concluded that there is a direct link between poverty and crime. It can be concluded from the various studies that people living in poverty commit greater amounts of crime than others not living in poverty. It can be concluded that the limited access to police is one of the reasons greater amounts of crime occur in poor communities. It can also be concluded that isolation plays a major role in criminal behavior among poor people. Previous study mainly focused on segregation and isolation. Current study has focused on spells and timing of poverty as it related to criminal behavior. Gaps in the Knowledge on Poverty and Delinquency One major gap is that there has not been a study to explore the interaction between overall poverty and concentrated poverty, even though there is some indication that poverty may indeed interact with its spatial concentration in predicting crime. An example of this is the research that was conducted by Sampson and his colleagues on neighborhood effects. Their findings were that social behavior is influenced not only by what happens in ones immediate neighborhood, but also by what happens in surrounding areas (Sampson, Raudenbush, 2001). The negative consequences of living in a poor neighborhood and living in non-poor neighborhood can spill over to surrounding communities, implying a possible interaction between poverty and its geographic distribution. The effect of poverty on crime may be higher in neighborhoods where poverty is spatially concentrated because poor residents in such areas are less likely to experience negative influences not only fro their own community but surroundi ng ones as well. Researchers can believe that poverty on criminal behavior may be somewhat mitigated when it is less spatially concentrated and potentially exacerbated when it is more concentrated. Another gap in the relationship between poverty and crime is criminological investigations. Nor do criminological researchers draw upon the vast literature that now exists on poverty in America to inform their analyses of delinquency. It is not shown that there are considerable differences among the poor by the level of exposure. Understanding the importance of distinguishing the poor by level of exposure begins with recognition that there is a dual nature of poverty in America (Bane and Ellwood, 1986). The concept of a dual nature to poverty refers to the fact that while there are substantial numbers of people living in persistent, long-term poverty, many people, including children, experience only short-term poverty. There is a need to pay more attention to the measures of poverty that that is used and to understand just who is captured by the measures. What is missing in most studies of poverty and delinquency is data on more than one year in the life of the subject. Debate on the Subject There has been some debate over the relative roles of concentrated disadvantage and segregation in explaining violence (Sampson and Wilson, 1995). Researchers are at odds with whether or not it is isolated African American communities or race related factors that explain higher crime in those communities. Massey and Denton (1993) believe that segregation is more important than race related factors. In previous studies, it was shown that overall poverty and isolated poverty affected whites, but only the overall poverty affected American Americans (Pruitt, 2000). The most difficult part of the debate is the importance of isolated poverty verses the importance of racial segregation is that isolation poverty is related to African American and isolated poverty among whites is rare (Krivo and Peterson, 1996, Kasarda, 1993). Researchers have conducted several studies to try an overcome this debate. Krivo and Peterson (1996) analyzed the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and ind ex street crime in Columbus, Ohio with some white neighborhoods experiencing disadvantage. Conclusion

Why am i here

I am a 32 year old person passionate about food and aspiring to hone my cooking skills to become a professional chef. I have always loved cooking even as a child. When I was a child and barely able to see the eyes on a stove, I was given a stool by my grandmother and allowed to cook with her. I have had several influences such as my grandmother who was an excellent home cook, one uncle who was a chef, and another uncle who was a cook in the Navy. Though I don't come from a large family, cooking was something that we always did together.It was fascinating seeing their different styles of cooking. My grandmother had a more traditional southern comfort style of cooking such as preparing homemade souses and head cheese. My uncle, the chef, had a classical Italian approach to food as in preparing dishes such as spinach and sausage stuffed mastication with marinara sauce. My uncle, who cooked in the Navy, is excellent at grilling and barbecuing. With those three influences, I couldn't help to develop a love for cooking. From the young age of 12, I was preparing full meals for my family and continue to do so today.I also enjoy the creative side of cooking how a one can take a blend of Ingredients ND combine them to make many different dishes exhibiting different flavors. I almost feel like a scientist sometimes in the kitchen creating meals for my family and friends. Most times the outcomes are good but I have had mishaps but that's a part of the learning curve of cooking. When I am cooking, It's a peaceful place for me. I feel a connection to the food I am preparing and I always like to hear feedback on the food I have prepared. This causes me to change or modify each dish to expand my knowledge and understanding of food.Food allows me to express myself and acts as creative outlet for my time and energy. It Is also a good medium to bring people together because all people regardless of race or creed enjoy good food which varies from culture to culture. It Is also Int eresting seeing different people's Interpretations of the same dishes, for Instance dressing or stuffing and all Its variances. Dressings are Like snowflakes with no two recipes being the same. As far as myself, If I had to categorize my style of cooking It would be comfort foods but I am always open to learning and perfecting other methods and dullness's of cooking.I find that a lot of the dishes I prepare come from dishes I grew up eating and have made changes to making them my own recipes such as baking some dishes that were fried for me as a child. Food draws on memories and experiences of different people. It also can alter moods depending on those experiences such as apple pile reminding an Individual of being home with family sitting at Sunday dinner after church. When homemade biscuits are being made, It reminds me of good days with my great grandmother. We would make them every morning together when I was a child and Its one of the first hinges I was taught to cook by her.S he also Introduced me to preparations of eggs and breakfast foods. Those were some of my fondest memories with her. We cooked together for years until she passed away. She Inspired greatly my love of preparing food. I have always received high praises for food I have prepared for friends and family. I worked for years as a machine operator In a steel mill and never thought about a career In culinary art until my Job played out and I was faced with a decision possibilities cooking school was one of our topics. I always felt that cooking is omitting that I really enjoyed doing and doing by profession felt like a viable option.He was scheduled for a tour and invited to go along with. I toured the facility of Locale and was impressed and intrigued by what the program offered. I made the decision to enroll. While attending Locale, I intend to fully take advantage of the knowledge and experiences made available by instructors and fellow classmates. I have already learned a lot of things d uring the first phase such as basic knife skills and learning how to identify and make the five mother sauces and I look to learning even more skills necessary to become a successful chef.I have also learned to do away with a lot of bad practices when preparing food through the Serve Safe certification curriculum. I learned about things such as cross contamination and how to identify and properly handle TTS foods. My awareness of properly handling food in my home was raised during my education on the importance of food handling and preparation. I have also been exposed to different foods and ingredients that I have never used before and I have enjoyed experiencing them all some I like more than there.I am also learning to work closely with people because for years in the production industry, I worked alone with a machine and it's a very different experience working alongside people bringing ideas together to create one dish. Though I have learned a lot, I know I have much more to le arn and look forward to doing so. I believe that Locale is the place that will elevate my culinary knowledge that will ultimately lead me to the accomplishment of a career I can be proud of. While in school, I plan to perfect my knife skills, learn to fabricate meat, work on alluding flavors, and creating complete composed dishes.I also plan to learn to cook cuisine outside of my comfort zone and so am really looking forward to the international cuisine phase and every class leading to that. I plan on focusing on each skill being taught as they all build upon each other to make a well rounded chef. I also appreciate the business side of culinary arts encompassing the financial and management aspects of running a kitchen and restaurant that I expect to learn. I am excited about the possibilities that this educational opportunity is promising to bring.Upon receiving my degree from Locale, my immediate goal is to find a Job at a restaurant under an established chef to gain professional cooking experience learning to hone and perfect signature dishes of my own that will appear on a menu. I am willing to start at the entry level and with hard work and commitment learn all that I can to advance my skill set to transition to the next level. I expect that there will be some difficulty but I anticipate overcoming them for the satisfaction of my intended goals. I also plan to travel and taste food from different areas to educate my allot and to try different kinds of foods from different areas.Once I have obtained professional cooking experience and have traveled experiencing different foods I am going to start a food truck. I have several ideas now about menu items but they are subject to change upon me growing as a culinary. I find food trucks fascinating because they have low overhead and require a few menu items but most executed extremely well. I also like the option of change of location related to perspective patrons. Along with that, I want to do some catering s uch as parties, weddings, arthritis, and other events.I would like to ultimately be the owner of my own diner matter where a patron is from he or she may be able to choose a dish that is reminiscent of home. I want to allow people to know me and about me through my food. I want my food to showcase my abilities and education which a point of pride for me. I never plan to stop learning about food and its possibilities. I even plan to learn how to use molecular gastronomy when preparing foods. I want to build a name and reputation as a great and respected chef and possibly teach after years of radar work and experiences.My commitment to professionalism and willingness to learn is the key in realizing my goals and aspirations in culinary art. I would love to even develop a line of products such as spice rubs and sauces that would be distributed by grocers to the average consumer. I think along with personal goals it's important to have financial stability and longevity when choosing a c areer path and I believe cooking is that choice for me that will allow me to have that very thing. These are my goals at present and are a guideline that I have set for myself concerning my future.

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Around the age of 18 years old, my grandparents and their families were kicked out of Egypt because of their religion. Nasser insisted that all Jews flee Egypt immediately or they would be thrown in jail. Since my family had no other choice but to leave their home

William Kissinger And American Diplomacy - 1272 Words

I hope I came close to what you were looking for, as mentioned before I just started college after 20 some odd years. I am not familiar with the process or writing styles like Chicago or any others, and definitely without plagiarizing something, definitely not my intention. Hoping I caught enough of the citations but again very new to this system. As mentioned before, I am already registered for the Developmental Reading and Writing class that starts on the 14th. Looking forward to reading any ideas and criticism on this paper. This book was very hard for me to read and comprehend the two chapters to put into writing. My apologies on the dark blue ink, ran out of black ink on the eleventh hour. Ana Cooper American History after 1877 Dr Greg Shealy TR 9:25 to 10:40 Henry Kissinger s â€Å"Diplomacy† This book is based on the views and discussions of Henry Kissinger and American Diplomacy America throughout the centuries have thought that in a perfect world if all other nations followed and mimic us in the process of our ideas, thoughts and laws that we would have peace and all wars would end. But, in reality it is not a reality for more than two governments to want the same things. They might similar in ideas but still differ in others. When youShow MoreRelatedPlan of Investigation 1501631 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Soviet Union. The investigation focuses on the diplomatic talks of Henry Kissinger with officials of both the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union, and the triangular diplomacy among the three nations that arose from these events. 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Although the President is viewed as the key decision maker in foreign policy the executive branch is not the only branch involved in determining the course of American foreign policy. The process of developing policies is of great importance to the branches involved because the United states government has the power to influence the lives of many people through the polices. While it’s believed that the presidentRead MoreRichard Nixon : President Of The United States2088 Words   |  9 Pagespeace in this area. Although Nixon desired to obtain â€Å"peace with honor,† his approach to the war in Vietnam and the actions that he took ultimately led to a defeat for the United States and left many devastating legacies. In a speech given to the American people in 1969, Richard Nixon explained how and why America had associated itself with Vietnam to begin with. Nixon first stated, â€Å"Fifteen years ago North Vietnam, with the logistical support of Communist China and the Soviet Union, launched a campaignRead MoreThe Power Of The Great Powers Of Great Britain1650 Words   |  7 Pages1830 Czartoryski, who was on the wrong side of a Polish rebellion against Russian side, he regretted that despite perpetual peace had become the conception of the most powerful monarchs of the continent (he referred in particular to Tsar Alexander) diplomacy had corrupted and turned into poison. The Congress of Vienna also to ban the slave trade in the Atlantic. All the great powers agreed to this, but only Britain really did nothing to stop the trade, creating an anti-slavery naval squadron. For allRead MoreEssay on Woodrow Wilson and American Diplomacy2945 Words   |  12 PagesWoodrow Wilson and American Diplomacy â€Å"Until early in [the twentieth] century, the isolationist tendency prevailed in American foreign policy. Then, two factors projected America into world affairs: its rapidly expanding power, and the gradual collapse of the international system centered on Europe† . President Woodrow Wilson was the leader who would initiate the ideologies of American diplomacy in the twentieth century. Up until his Presidency, American foreign policy was simply to fulfill

Matrix Essay Matrix - 938 Words

â€Å"The Matrix† is an action-packed, Oscar-winning, sci-fi extravaganza starring Keanu Reeves as Neo. Buddhism is an ancient religion built on the teaching of the original Buddha with a goal to reach nirvana. On first glance these two things could not be more different from each other, or could they be? In actuality, â€Å"The Matrix† encompasses many central themes of Buddhism like freeing the mind, and uses images such as spoons and mirrors. The need to free the mind is a core element of both Buddhism and â€Å"The Matrix.† Many Buddhists claim that â€Å"the illusionary nature of the world consists in our knowledge of the world† (Brannigan 103). Our minds interpret the world based on our perceptions. Buddhism deliver us from the â€Å"epistemological†¦show more content†¦There is also another mirror usage in the movie such as the mirror-finished glasses that are only worn in the matrix by those freed from the Matrix. They do not cling to the false images of the Matrix (Brannigan 102). Another image used is the spoon. In the Matrix, there is a scene with a young bald child holding a spoon. He says to Neo, Do not try and bend the spoon, thats impossible. Instead, only try to realize the truth...there is no spoon. Then youll see that it is not the spoon that bends, it is only yourself† (â€Å"The Matrix†). This strongly resembles the Zen Buddhism flag parable in which monks argue about whether the flag moves or the wind moves. A third monk tells them that â€Å"neither the flag nor the wind moves. ‘It is your mind that moves’† (Brannigan 103). In both instances, the monks and Neo are stuck between the two concepts and must let go of those two things. Their minds become too fixed to see the truth. They must free the mind by letting go and opening themselves up to experience. This ties back into the mirror image as Neo sees his reflection in the mirror of the spoon. This is a moment â€Å"represents clarity and truth† r egarding the boy telling Neo that â€Å"there is no spoon† (Brannigan 102). We cannot be fixated on images as they like mirrors can be distorted especially since the spoon is concave/convex surface and prone to distortion. However, some portions of â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Matrix1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Matrix The Matrix is a science fiction movie about artificial intelligence computers replacing mankind. I believe that this movie is a common type of display from the media is common paranoia so that they can get a reaction from people and sell their story. In the case of The Matrix, the movie dazzles people with awesome special effects using modern computer technology, which I find ironic. I find it self-conflicting and hypocritical for the media to use modern computer technology for theirRead MoreEssay on The Matrix2824 Words   |  12 Pages The Matrix Interweaves much symbolism, mythology, philosophy, and psychology. On the surface, the movie challenges the dominance of technology in our culture and predicts an apocalyptic result from the use of artificial intelligence. Yet, behind the human struggle for survival is a mythical backdrop upon which are backlit some of C.G. Jungs basic ideas regarding the human psyche. These Jungian ideas include the ego-Self relationship and how it rela tes to the persona, the shadow, individuation,Read MoreThe Matrix Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast The Matrix with the readings from Plato and Descartes. What are some similarities and differences? An Essay Submitted to Jason Elvis BY Williestine Harriel Liberty University online September 24, 2012 Compare and Contrast The Matrix with the readings from Plato and Descartes. What are some similarities and differences? After reading The Matrix, and reading from Plato and Descartes, I find that there are some similarities and differencesRead MoreEssay about The Matrix1338 Words   |  6 Pagestantalizing movie, quot;The Matrixquot;, a breed of AI computers takes over the world. It harvests human embryos in laboratories called quot;fieldsquot;. It then feeds them through grim looking tubes and keeps them immersed in gelatinous liquid in cocoons. This new quot;machine speciesquot; derives its energy needs from the electricity produced by the billions of human bodies thus preserved. A sophisticated, all-pervasive, computer program called quot;The Matrixquot; generates a quot;worldquot;Read MoreEssay about The Matrix1131 Words   |  5 PagesThe Matrix Written and directed by the Wachowski brothers, ‘The Matrix’ is a science fiction film, which was released in the year 1999. It was the first film to use the now famous camera technique of ‘bullet time’ and also introduced wirework martial arts into conventional cinemas. Its vision of the future is similar to other science fiction films such as ‘Men In Black’ with the agents always wearing sunglasses and the idea of man vs. machine\evil. In the openingRead MorePlato And The Matrix Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"The Matrix† and Plato’s Phaedo and Republic questions of what makes up a whole and fulfilling life are answered. Both The Matrix and Plato provide alternate forms of reality, one that is based on truth and is fulfilling and one that is based on a false reality that offers false forms of fulfillment. The Matrix and Plato show the difference of living a life in a true reality and a â€Å"fake† reality where everything inside this reality is fake making the lives inside this reality fake. True educationRead More The Matrix Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pages The Matrix In 1999 directors/writers Larry and Andy Wachowski (Bound) made a dark and often disturbing Science Fiction film, The Matrix. With the production expertise of Joel Silver (Commando, Predator, Lethal Weapon series, and Die Hard series), Andrew Mason (The Crow, Dark City) and Barrie M. Osborne (Face/Off, The Fan, Childs Play), The Matrix is sure to be a favorite among Science Fiction movie fans for years to come. The Matrix won the Oscar award in all four categories it was nominatedRead MoreEssay on The Matrix577 Words   |  3 PagesThe Matrix The Matrix has been doing remarkably well in sales since its release in the cinema last summer and its recent video releases. This is largely due to stylish advertising techniques and word of mouth. The Matrix has been approved by critics who enjoy the film and also the ones who dislike the theme. Among young viewers, it has already achieved great status. So what else is the film about? Firstly the film copies the theme from many popular films that came before it, and involves intelligentRead MoreEssay on There is No Escaping the Matrix1916 Words   |  8 PagesThere is No Escaping the Matrix In the video game world anything is possible, and if your player dies you can always play again. The videogame industry is exploding in the market place; its far from childs play and far from the days of pong. In the most recent issue of Entertainment Weekly (December 6, 2002) there is an article, Video Game Nation, discussing a new video game experience being touted as the wave of the future, The Real World meets The Matrix. In this virtual world called TheRead MoreEssay on Baudrillard and the Matrix1177 Words   |  5 Pagesand Andy Wachowski wrote and directed an American science fiction action film called The Matrix. The movie depicted a future where many humans might perceive is real, is actually a simulated reality. The Wachowski brothers made many explicit references in their film based on the work of French sociologist Jean Baudrillard. In Jean Baudrillard’s essay entitled â€Å"Simulacra and Simulations† he mentions in his essay how society has replaced all re ality and meaning with representation of symbols and signs

Duckweed Free Essays

Feed Industry Overview: Duckweed feed has been found to be a very nutritious feed source for many types of livestock. The fact that duckweed can be fed to animals in its wet form or dried for a more concentrated food source make an efficient, cost effective, harvester a possible attractive product for this market. Traditional Harvesters are economically unfeasible and manual harvesting is very labor intensive for medium to large scale operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Duckweed or any similar topic only for you Order Now Feed prices can vary drastically due to crop yields, gas prices, and product demand. After the initial investment of the Proskimmer the costs for producing this feed additive would be minimal. There is opportunity for duckweed to be used more as a feed source in coming years to alleviate increasing demand on corn and soy yields. Analysis According to North Carolina Reasearchers: â€Å"Duckweed holds great promise as an alternative feed supplement. One of the smallest plants known to man could help us produce cleaner water while at the same time providing a high quality feed for domestic stock animals (poultry, swine, and cattle). The nutrient uptake ability possessed by duckweed along with its fast reproductive rate and environmental requirements make it easy to manage. The problem with duckweed is in the harvesting of the small plants and removing the excess water. Assuming that can be done efficiently, we will be well on our way to making new strides in the supplemental feeding of duckweed. † These statements are made by some of the leading duckweed researchers in the feed/fuel/watstewater. A duckweed harvester is a natural fit to solve the harvesting needs of the market. Recent studies have confirmed duckweed’s potential as a valuable high-protein, vitamin-rich feed supplement. A two acre pond surface with duckweed yields as much as 30 tons of dry matter or approximately 12 tons of protein per year. This protein is of very high quality for feeding to animals (or human beings). Experiments show that the quality of this protein for ducks and hens is similar to that in soybean meal. As protein is currently priced at approx $500 per ton as a stock-feed ingredient, the protein yield of a hectare of duckweed is worth in the order of $6,000 per year. Although inexpensive to produce, duckweed contains a range of vitamins, pigments and minerals. These include those normally added to dietary formulations for livestock such as poultry and pigs in the form of commercial mineral-vitamin premixes. Duckweed has particular value as a poultry feed. It typically contains high concentrations of calcium (which is required in the diet of laying hens) equal to 10-25 g/kg dry matter. Duckweed contains relatively large amounts of xanthophylls and carotene, which result in a rich yellow/orange color to the egg yolks. In comparison, the synthetic yolk pigments usually included in mineral-vitamin premixes for layers are a costly component of commercial poultry diets. Dried excess duckweed can be pelletised and sold as animal feed. At approx $6000 dollars the Proskimmer would be economically viable in this arena. Feeding trials reported in the literature and carried out recently in Peru have demonstrated that duckweed can be substituted for soy and fish meals in prepared rations for several types of poultry: broilers, layers, and chicks. Cultured duckweed can be used as the protein component in poultry diets. Acceptable levels of duckweed meal in the diets of layers range up to 40 percent of total feed. Duckweed-fed layers produce more eggs of the same or higher quality as control birds fed the recommended formulated diets. Levels of up to 15 percent duckweed meal produce growth rates in broilers which are equal to those produced by control feeds. Diets for chicks, consisting of up to 15 percent duckweed meal, are suitable for birds under three weeks of age. Duckweed meal will almost certainly find as large a range of animal feed applications as soybean meal. Duckweed meal may also have great potential to blend with non- conventional diets based on inexpensive carbohydrate sources that can be used by poultry and hogs. Today pork production offers perhaps an unprecedented opportunity. Due to economic expansion and population growth in Asia, demand for pork is increasing like never before. In fact, experts predict that in the next 35 to 40 years, we’ll have to quadruple, or more, the approximately 875 million hogs now on Earth. That’s why new and expanded hog production facilities are being built in Australia, Canada, Mexico, South America, and, when opposition is overcome, in the U. S. And as they’re built, new jobs and economic growth are being created. A major limitation to fish farming is that meals high in protein with high biological value are expensive and often locally unavailable. Supplementary feeds can take up to 60% of fish production costs. Duckweeds have a high protein content (around 40%) of high biological value. Fresh duckweed is highly suited to intensive fish farming systems and duckweed is converted efficiently to liveweight by certain fish including carp and tilapia. Drying duckweed presents the largest current challenge to the plant being traded as a commodity. No conventional drying technology has been able to produce dried material without incurring signifigant loss. Several solar methods are showing promise however we feel they would be for large scale operations and not relevant to our market. The leading researchers in North Carolina have paired with a company called Aeroglide who makes industrial drying technologies for the feed industry. We feel Proskim should focus on the wet applications for land livestock and fish farming opporunities. http://www. lib. ncsu. edu/theses/available/etd-05242004-103543/unrestricted/etd. df Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany 24 February 2010; http://www. aeroglide. com/aquafeed-dryers-coolers. php SWOT Analysis Feed: Strengths: Low cost in relation to other mechanical harvesters/low labor intensity when compared to manual techniques. Currently manufactured product with little to no customization for many harvesting needs. Duckweed has be en proven to be a breakthrough feed alternative to corn and soy based feeds. Weaknesses: Little to no current marketing strategy in the Bio arena. Lack of marketing material directed to Bio arena. Less developed nations will use manual techniques. Company physical location is not in areas which promote rapid duckweed growth. Opportunities: Feed supplement for fish, swine, poultry needing effective harvesting techniques. Market directly to these farmers. Academic researchers using grants to study duckweed in the Bio arena. Government grants and foundations in the Bio arena. Threats: Other harvester inventions and trial inventions to harvest duckweed. Less demand for corn ethanol due to regulations or opportunity costs could lower prices and in turn corn feed prices. How to cite Duckweed, Papers

Leadership Strategies for a Changing World

Question: Describe about the Leadership Strategies for a Changing World. Answer: Introduction Leadership has become the priority factor that drives organizations and its success(Aaker 2012). Organizations utilize and enforce efficient style of leadership, in order to increase productivity and efficiency of their employees. Though organizations entrust various dynamic responsibilities on their leaders with the task of managing and controlling their employees, but leaders often face complex problems within the organizational structure. Though leaders devise various strategies and policies in order to overcome these challenges but continue to deal with the high pressure situation leading to lower productivity and efficiency that hampers reaching of organizational goals. Why is leadership such a major issue in modern workplaces? Leaders make extensive use of organizational behavioral theories and techniques such as to increase the amount of employee efficiency and effectively(Szabla 2007). They motivate them, communicate shareholders strategies and policies and takes control effectively over the various functions of the organization. The role of a leader is to effectively manage and take control over organizational activity. He is the medium for communication between the management and employees. The essay is regarding evaluating the statement, Leadership is argued to be one the most important aspects in modern day organizations and in discussing the difficulties leaders face in organizations and suggesting some theories or models of leadership that can be applied to address these difficulties.An efficient and effective leader applied by the organization can lead to organizational success, whereas an efficient leader can lead to organizational failure in the future. Organizations in order to develop sustaina ble strategies and policies need to assign tasks to effective leaders. There are many forms of leadership that are adapted and practiced across organizations(Bass 2006). However, sometimes implementing an incorrect leader leads to organizational failure and lack of employee motivation. The initial part of the essay identifies some of the broad challenges faced by modern organizations, whereas the later part of the essay discusses a wide range of theories and models that leaders apply to overcome the same. Organizations apply various style of leadership according to the needs and organizational culture. The modern challenges faced by organizational leaders found by studies conducted by various researches are in developing managerial effectiveness, in inspiring or motivating employees and co-workers, developing an organizational culture as well as stable employee base, leading a team, incorporating in a change within the organization, management of internal stakeholders and policies(Piccolo 2006). What factors are contributing to the challenges of leadership? Change management : Though leadership is not an issue by itself in the workplace, the leadership style possess an issue that becomes difficult to handle sometimes(Birnbaum 2012). Mismatch of ideologies and leadership values leads to clash of interests. As organizations transform and evolve over time, they tend to change their current style of leadership and then develop newer strategies and techniques to manage employee base. An organization that follows traditional leadership approach such as transactional leadership, and wants to bring about modernized techniques into their systems as well as processes will generally adopt a transformational style of leadership. But the employees of the organizations that are accustomed to the traditional methods might not be at all confortable in applying transformational leadership style(Schaubroeck 2007). This in turn can affect employee job satisfaction levels highly, leading to unproductivity and under productivity. Due to growing dissatisfact ion amongst employees, in the transition phase employees can decide to leave the organization as well. Organizational Culture : Often it is extremely difficult for leaders to implement the necessary organizational culture. The organization culture within organizations needs to be adapted and implemented by all employees such that the organization functions smoothly and its goals are reached. An organization where its employees fail to adopt suitable organizational culture often fails in attaining and achieving the desired goals(Sarros 2008). The new employee tries and adopts organizational culture, but often faces resistance from older employees of the organization. Older employees in their trifle with the leader try to avoid policies and hinder the development of practiced organizational culture(Lambrou 2010). Often the older employee union is so strong that it leads to newer employee following the same without any dispute. Leaders play an ardent role in change management by motivating employees towards the new and changed procedures. In a change process employees are generally reluc tant to change but leaders enable and create an ambience for the change processes to take place effectively, but sometimes due to lack of communication or employee past experience leaders are unable to apply the changed style(Rickards 2006). Inspiring or motivating employees: Leaders are often in-effective in inspiring or motivating their employees to attain a set of goals. This leads to a major challenge within the organization as a leaders primary aim is to get task done by employees. Clash of interests amongst employees intention to do a tasks and the leaders methodology to do the same hinders the progress. Leaders have immense roles in job definition and creating attractiveness for the job such that employees are able to take up new challenges and conduct the job more enthusiastically(DiLiello 2006). Often due to management objectives or employee unions leaders face challenges to implement successful motivational strategies(Chesterman 2016). Leading a team: Leaders are exposed to challenges of leading a team in modern organization. Lack of employee attitude to work in a team and deliver results not only hampers leaders effectiveness but also hampers the overall performance of the organization. The primary role of a leader is to set objectives define goals for its employees such that they are able to lead a team. A leaders vision and ideologies is given to the employees and targets are set and designed for followers(Aarons 2006). An effective leader is able to do so instantly without much effort but often a leader faces immense trouble due to organizational existing culture to do so. Managing internal stakeholder policies and practices: Leaders play an important role in communicating amongst the various internal stakeholders of the organization(Hay 2010). On one hand he decides with the shareholders and senior management of the organization regarding the various policies and procedures and on the other hand he communicates the same to the employees and members of the team. He is an influential person who incorporates the various employee grievances and policies to communicate the same to upper level management(Avolio 2013). For far as employees are concerned he communicates the various objectives and strategies that has been decided by the management to the employees for approval and application. But often a leader takes a side either of the shareholders or of the employees, which leads to biasness. When a leader is biased towards any side then he is bound to face criticism from the other side. The other side is bound to develop some ill-feelings towards the lead er(Samuel 2009). How can a manager use theories/ models to inform their leadership in a modern organization? The various challenges that leaders face in modern organizations can be overcome by the Meme theories of leadership. The theory applies a range of approaches according to organization specific needs in order that leadership to be successful. There are various famous theories of leadership that have been developed and applied in organizations for effectiveness of leaders and overcoming the challenges faced. Some of the popular theories of leadership are Great Man theory, which emphasizes that leaders are born and not made(Caligiuri 2006). But the concept of this theory is traditional in approach and not adopted in modern organizations. Modern organizations train and develop leader with a conscious level to get positive impact on the job role. Behavioral theories of leadership, the role theory and the managerial grid are some of the most popular amongst traditional theories practices in organizations to overcome employee motivation. In Participative leadership styles there are two famous theories one proposed by Lewins leadership style and Likers leadership style(S 2012). These style of leadership are relatively newer styles of leadership that focuses on participative form of management. Both these styles of leadership have immense emphasis on the leader working within the team along with other employees. Another popular style of leadership is Situational Leadership which has been proposed by multiple researchers. The most famous amongst them are Hershey and Blanchards Situational Leadership, Vroom and Yettons Normative Model and Houses Path-Goal Theory of Leadership(Anne Loewenberger 2014). All these styles of leadership focuses on the leaders ability and capability to act on a particular or given situation. These theories suggests a more dynamic nature of leadership compared to other theories and are highly effective in overcoming challenges that are faced in modern organizations. Modern theories of leadership also include the contingency theories of Fiedlers Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) theory, Cognitive resonance theory and strategic contingency theory. These theories are very popular and have gained immense importance in the recent years due to their style of management reflected in these theories. The Meme theory acts as an influential tool in spreading behaviors and styles from person within a cultural framework. The Meme carries as small units to carry cultural ideas through various forms of speech, gestures, rules, rituals and so on. The Meme leadership have been given various colors according to the organizational culture they follow(DiLiello 2006). Orange, black, green, red and so on, each color is associated with a particular style of behavior. Each type of leadership style is selected according to the needs and requirements of the organization. These theories are an extension of the traditional theories of leadership, like contingency theories and others(Dawlabani 2013). How can a manager work to overcome their leadership challenges? The transactional leadership theory of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory is highly practiced in developed nations and has yield tremendous results. Earlier organizations implemented transactional, servant and other leadership styles in order to get performance from employees. Transactional leaders were mostly involved with leaders motivating their employees with certain incentives, performance bonuses and other types of rewards. Employees are motivated to a certain extent with this performance style leadership as they get rewarded and recognized for their endeavors(Schein 2010). This often leads to employee motivation and employee empowerment. Lesser amount of employees leaves the organization leading to lowering of employee turnover. But this style of leadership is often criticized to assume the side of the management and ignoring employee voices in totality. Servant style of leadership leads to high job satisfaction amongst employees, as the leader indulges in a number of activities himself in order to demonstrate. Servant style of leadership is known to create a high level of satisfaction amongst employees and high level of trust as well. A servant style leader is highly associated with his employees and engages in formal work with them, sharing their loads and so on. But servant style of leadership is also multiple times criticized to be ignoring the management aspect in work motivation(House 2013). The transformational leadership theories of Bass transformational leadership theories, Burns transformational leadership theory and Kouzes and Posners leadership participation Inventory. Transformational leaders are employed by organizations when an organization is a change phase. Transformational leaders are effective in change management procedure and helps employees with the various stress associated with change process(Sachau 2007). He communicates the managements ideologies for changes to the employees and takes employee feedback to the management. Thus this style of leadership is highly accepted in todays organizations as they are dynamic in nature. Why is the information you have found important to know, especially for people who are leading in organizations? An organization in order to motivate its employees also adopts various theories and strategies. The motivational theories that are adopted in modern organizations is Hetzberg Two factor theory, Maslows need hierarchy theory and Alderfers ERG model(Lundberg 2009). In each of the theory there is tremendous importance on the role of the organization implying the leader in motivating employees. The interface of the organization with its employees is through its leader, hence a leader can overcome the barrier of demotivation by stimulating and inspiring employees for fulfillment of a particular role(Brown 2006). All the various theories discussed helps the organization in tacking their complex situations and in their overcoming of various challenges. Though each type of challenge have their own fallout and benefits, organizations adopt the ones that are most beneficial to them. As human resource forms the most important type of resource for the organization and they have to get productivity from them, leaders and leadership styles needs to be carefully selected such that organizational goals can be effectively defined and efficiently applied. Practical evaluation of situation with prompt development and application of strategy helps yield organizational objectives. Leadership has a very crucial role in managing stakeholders interests and their needs, the balancing them accordingly. An effective leader is able to quickly resolve issues and step ahead with the solution and impact changes in the organizations. Leaders are not only part of the management but employees envision them as their repr esentative to the management to attend grievances, challenges and various other issues for them to perform. Conclusion Leadership has an effective and important role to play in organizations; hence organizations need to apply correct styles to get maximum productivity from its leadership. An effective leadership can be a high resource for the organization and lead to it achieving success and sustenance in its path to achieve goals. There are however, various challenges faced in leadership styles and forms due to which leaders are sometimes rendered ineffective. The various challenges can be overcome and proper leadership styles can be gained by applying appropriate leadership styles that help in employee empowerment and job satisfaction. Though there are various styles of leadership are present but leaders evaluate situations and challenges in order to adopt and implement a proper change and solution to a challenge. A leaders intrinsic characteristics and deep-embed motivation helps him to overcome the diversified and intricate solutions so as to become a role model and a leader in all aspect. References Aaker, D.A. and Joachimsthaler, E., 2012.Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster.. Aarons, G.A., 2006. Transformational and transactional leadership: Association with attitudes toward evidence-based practice.Psychiatric services,57(8), pp.1162-1169. Anne Loewenberger, P., Newton, M. and Wick, K., 2014. Developing creative leadership in a public sector organisation.International Journal of Public Sector Management,27(3), pp.190-200. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013.Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing.Bass, BM,RRE 2006, Transformational leadership, Psychology Press. Birnbaum, R., 2012. Genes, Memes, and the Evolution of Human Leadership.The Oxford Handbook of Leadership, p.243. Brown, K. and Cullen, C., 2006. Maslow's hierarchy of needs used to measure motivation for religious behaviour.Mental Health, Religion Culture,9(1), pp.99-108. Caligiuri, P., 2006. Developing global leaders.Human Resource Management Review,16(2), pp.219-228. Chesterman, A., 2016.Memes of translation: The spread of ideas in translation theory(Vol. 123). John Benjamins Publishing Company. Dawlabani, S.E., 2013.MEMEnomics: The next-generation economic system. SelectBooks, Incorporated. DiLiello, T.C. and Houghton, J.D., 2006. Maximizing organizational leadership capacity for the future: Toward a model of self-leadership, innovation and creativity.Journal of Managerial Psychology,21(4), pp.319-337. Hay, R., 2010. The relevance of ecocentrism, personal development and transformational leadership to sustainability and identity.Sustainable Development,18(3), pp.163-171. 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