Shut Down Facebook

Shut down Facebook Facebook has become a place where everyone wants to be nowadays. Not only is it wrong to be on there every single day, it is also unhealthy, which is why Facebook should be banned. People no longer care about going out and making friends. Instead, they rather stay inside and become friends with people they do not even know on Facebook. These kinds of actions can be really dangerous. People can easily create Facebook accounts, meaning that it is also easy to portray someone they’re not. No one ever knows who really is sitting behind that computer screen.Especially young people, they can be ignorant at times thinking they know their friends good enough to give them their information. Most people are unaware of how easy it is for a stranger to collect all of their information. Another bad thing about Facebook is all the drama it can cause between friends, families, or any kind of relationship. It is sad how arguments are posted for the whole world to see. Teena gers every so often lie about their age just so they do not have to ask for their parent’s approval. This in most cases happens because teenagers are doing things they’re not suppose to.In addition, people sometimes tend to hide their identities on purpose to do unpleasant things such as stalking, and bullying. There are also sick people who create fake Facebook accounts to harass little kids. Facebook is not good anymore. Many people are taking advantage of it and it is better for it to be shut down for good. No one needs Facebook, anyone can survive without it. It is healthier to be out there living life than sitting behind a computer talking about it. It would certainly make a change if Facebook were banned forever.

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay

The process of how an individual learns is based on the theories surrounding behaviorism, conditioning, modeling and self regulation. Students can be problematic if proper resolutions aren’t put in place when a dilemma arises. There is a great emphasis on the importance and relevance in motivating the students in the classroom. Without the knowledge of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and what drives students to learn, teachers may not know what inspires or how to encourage students to work to the best of their ability. Teachers must portray themselves in a professional manner at all times, whether they are dealing with students, parents or colleagues. Professionalism can be defined in several ways and some characteristics of a professional teacher include being committed to learners in a way that incorporates a code of ethics, have the ability to make routine and efficient decisions in a complex and ill-defined situation, conduct a critical self examination of one’s teachings, i. . reflective practice, and acquire the element of professional knowledge to constantly improve, develop and expand one’s methods of teaching to maximize learning environments (Eggan, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. pp, 4 – 6). One obstacle a teacher may face is if he or she gets asked a question that they don’t know the answer to. Students look up to teachers and depend on them for the knowledge they require (Yero, J. L. , 2002. P173). Understanding each topic is simply not enough; a teacher needs to be able to represent topics in an understandable way that is appropriate to the age of the learner. For example, the solution to explaining how to multiply numbers is to firstly acquire the knowledge of content then illustrate how to multiply the numbers. This is referred to as pedagogical knowledge. Pedagogical knowledge requires the teacher to understand principles of instructional strategies and classroom management. Involving each student in the learning process in order to enhance productive learning comes with knowledge and experience. Instructional strategies that promote productive learning include: selecting topics that are important for students to learn, provide clear learning objectives and prepare learning activities respectively, design assessments that relate to the workload and maintain the instructional alignment between the three, i. e. the connection between learning objectives, learning activities and assessments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp390 – 394). A teacher must have a positive and caring attitude, be organized, communicate effectively, respect and encourage rather than punish and constantly question and prompt incorrect answers to manage a productive classroom (Nelson, J. , Lott, L. & Glen, S. p20-27). Identifying clear standards of acceptable behavior i. e. rules, be supportive to each student and create a sense of equilibrium are all strategies to ensure a produ ctive and manageable classroom. The aim of all teachers is to promote as much learning as possible. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that learning is â€Å"influenced by stimuli from the environment† (Eggan, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. p,164). For example, feeling nervous before an exam is a learned behavior due to previous experiences/knowledge of exams. This feeling is involuntary to the individual, and it is referred to as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can be positive or negative, depending on which, it can have different effects on the learner. If the teacher uses positive reinforcement within the classroom the students will gradually associate learning to the teacher’s manner and thus feel safe within the classroom resulting in a productive learning environment. In contrast negative or non-reinforcement results in the cessation of a behavior and results in a classroom environment that is not productive. Children learn acceptable behaviors through observing adults, therefore teachers are role models, and it is important for a teacher to demonstrate respect, tolerance, and values to motivate learning (Call, N. Featherstone, S. 2004 p. 47). Cognitive modeling is essential to the learning process as teachers use this to perform a demonstration and verbalize the thinking behind the actions taken (Eggan, P. & Kauchak. D. , 2010. p. 182). An obstacle one may face is if some children are having trouble learning how to pass a netball to one another. Often, children instinctively bounce the ball, instead of passing it, as cla ssical conditioning has taught them to do so from a young age. The teacher must describe one’s thoughts of how to pass a netball, whilst performing the action, which in turn encourages students to verbalize their understandings in any situation, resulting in a productive learning environment. Modeling is the key concept of social cognitive theory. Cognitive, behavioral and emotional change in children is a result of observing models. Modeling affects people by learning new behaviors, facilitating existing behaviors, changing inhibitions and by arousing emotions (Eggan, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 183). These observations lead to learner expectations, which in turn are accomplished through self-regulation. Settings goals and monitoring that progress is an essential element of learning. The student observes another student passing the netball. He then models the observation, uses that experience to expand his knowledge thus takes responsibility and control of his learning. Teaching is constantly developing and changing, and the need for motivation is a necessary procedure to support and increase student learning and the teaching process. A common obstacle teacher’s face is how to motivate uninterested and unengaged students. Some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, but many need or expect their instructors to inspire, challenge and stimulate them. An unmotivated student is likely to choose work that is inappropriately easy, show a negative attitude, give up quickly and leave tasks unfinished. This can disrupt the students around him and cause interruptions in the learning environment (Nelson, J. Lott L. , & Glenn, S. 1997 p. 72). There are two broad forms of motivation; extrinsic – where some students will be motivated by the approval of others, for example, by getting a good grade, and intrinsic motivation, where the learner studies in order to understand the content presented to them because they like the challenge and want to perform (Eggen, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 287). To encourage students to become self motivated and independent learners, teachers can give frequent, early, positive feedback. This supports the students beliefs’ that they can, and are doing well as viewed by the humanistic theory of motivation. The teacher can also help students find personal meaning and value in the material as viewed by cognitive and social cognitive theory of motivation, and create an atmosphere that is open and positive which help students feel that they are a valued member of the learning community which is based on the socioculural theory of motivation. In addition, a teacher can ensure opportunities for students’ success by assigning tasks that are neither too easy nor too difficult which is a view shared by behaviorist theories (Eggen, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 289). It must be understood that individuals are motivated through a wide variety of needs. While teachers can’t make or teach students to be self-motivated, they can encourage and promote this highly desirable trait. To conclude, there are many solutions to the obstacles a teacher may face in a learning environment. A teacher should act and approach a classroom with a professional attitude and an academic manner by being knowledgeable and recognizing the importance for assessing oneself. Teachers must be aware of the influence they make on students’ learning and how to promote positive and engaging classroom environments in order to solve the dilemmas they may be presented with in regards to behaviors students display. Furthermore, teachers need to understand that the process of motivation stems from stimulation, which in turn is followed by an emotional reaction that leads to either a positive or negative behavioral response. By understanding the theories based on solutions to the problems a teacher may face in the classroom, they may have a better chance at expecting when a problem may arise, and resolve the situation immediately.

US History Since 1887 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US History Since 1887 - Movie Review Example The melancholy of that time in history is very well filmed by the director with the opening scenes showing ramshackle of houses and dust moving in circles all around. This scene portrays what deteriorated condition of the place was at that time. The story is about the struggles of Okies for bread and butter when their farms were closed by force by banks as the banks were financially collapsing. The movie revolves around the Joads family but the central character in my view in Tom Joad, who is released from prison only to find that his family no more live in their house by the farm. He soon finds them in a relatives place. The Joads are happy to have Tom back and they tell him about their plans to go to California, the land where they think they could find work and start living in a better condition. The Joads are shown to be in high spirits as they load all of their belongings in a truck that is to be driven by Tom. They all load in the truck, Ma Joad, Pa Joad, Grandpa Joad, Grandma Joad, Noah, Muley, Connie and Uncle John. There is no gender bias done by the director as he not only portrays the important role of Tom Joad in moving the family ahead after he returns from jail but the role of Ma Joad is no less emphasized. She is a strong woman from the very start of the movie to the very end of it, having a very deep love for his son Tom in jail; she is shown to have kept track of Tom all the while that he had been in jail. Although she was the one who did not want to go to California as her intuitions were telling her that something is wrong in going there, but her immense support for the family is depicted when she is shown to add a drug to rigid Pas coffee to get him into the truck. She has been shown to be the backbone of the family. As their loaded truck moves through the roads of America, the director has very amazingly depicted the landscape of that time, with houses that are dilapidated and all the farms and land is shown to

He implications of asymmetric information for the function of markets Essay

He implications of asymmetric information for the function of markets at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels - Essay Example The situation where the market produces more or less than the ideal or the optimal amount of a particular good, it is regarded as the market failure in terms of economics There are several factors that results in the market failure like externalities and monopoly power, and asymmetric information.Еhe implications of asymmetric information for the function of markets at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels.In an analysis of the competitive market structure it is always assumed that the buyers and the sellers have perfect knowledge about the market. But in reality this does not happens. When the available information about any product is more with someone than the others then the arisen situation is of market failure and the phenomenon is termed as â€Å"asymmetric information†. The information about the product is an important factor and if the quality of the goods could be judged about whether it being excellent or inferior then the price would have adjusted acc ording to the quality differences. Asymmetry and Market failure and the need of the government intervention A. Market failure and the used car market The situation of information asymmetry leading to market failure is best understood by the example of used cars. In a transaction of a used car, a seller would always know more than the buyer. Considering a case of a second hand Chevrolet Malibu which would cost $15,000 in an ‘average’ condition, if the condition of the car is ‘excellent’, that would cost $18,000 and if the condition of the car is ‘poor’, the car will be priced at $12,000.... without any excellent car will be ready to pay not more than $13500 that is the average price of the cars, which are either in average or poor condition. This in turn will prevent the average car owners from offering their car at such a low price. So at the end the market forces will adjust itself to equilibrium for the poor cars at the selling price of $12000. This is an example of market failure where the market for the excellent and average cars does not exist due to the asymmetry of information. This is a situation of quality uncertainties where the high quality goods are driven out by the low quality goods. (Chauhan, n. d, pp. 224-225) This is explained with the help of a diagram: PH SH P E P’ E’ DH DH’ DH† 0 Q’ Q Figure 1 (a) PL p’ e' SL p e DL’ DL 0 q q’ Figure 1(b) Source: Chauhan, n. d, pp. 224-225 In the diagram Figure 1 (a) DH represents the demand for high quality goods, SH, the supply for high quality goods. They int ersect at the point E where the quantity OQ must be demanded and it must be supplied at OP price. Due to the asymmetry of information, the same amount OQ is demanded at a lower price E†. As the buyers are uncertain about the quality of the product they treat the high quality good as the low quality good and hence the demand curve shifts downwards to DH’. At this lower price some of the seller refuses to sell the product which causes the supply to fall from OQ to OQ’. Hence the new equilibrium is at E’, where the DH’ intersects S H. The OQ amount of high quality goods is sold at a price OP’.As there exists quality uncertainty the demand curve is expected to further slide down to DH† which does not intersect with the supply curve SH at all. This shows how the market for high quality goods fails. In the figure 1(b),

Human Resource Management Plan for El Rodeo Mexican Restaurant Food Term Paper - 1

Human Resource Management Plan for El Rodeo Mexican Restaurant Food Chain - Term Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Aumsville is a quiet city in Oregon, USA. Nearly 87% people in the town are white people. There are a few restaurants like Neufeldt's catering the needs of approximately 3000 inmates. There are a few bars, coffee houses, and pizza centers. The population of Latino's, Hispanics and Asian races like Chinese people have been steadily increasing in the area for the past decade. These people come here with immigrant status for labor-oriented work in construction sites, industries and as domestic workers. There is no restaurant serving Chinese, Mexican or other quality continental food in the city. El Rodeo, an upcoming Mexican restaurant chain has decided to open up a branch in Aumsville to cater the needs of the Latino’s there. Mexican food is voted next best to Italian food all over the world. Spicy, traditional and nutritional, the taste Mexican savories have captured people of all ethnicity and age equally. El Rodeo strongly beli eves there will be a good response from the city’s white people as well as the other races in making the restaurant chain a grand success. The restaurant chain teams up with a Serene resort in the area to place their branch in the resort. The resort brings in several tourists to the city for a quite family holiday without any hype. They simply advertise â€Å"no adventure, no shopping and no thrill, just calm and serene† in their promotions.  

Medicare and Medicaid High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicare and Medicaid High School - Essay Example Medicare covers many of the costs of health care for senior citizens, but its associated payments make it expensive to use for many of its beneficiaries. Medicare benefits will cover the cost of hospitalization, skilled nursing home care, and prescription drugs. However, these benefits are often subject to a significant co-pay or deductible and have limitations on their amount of benefits. For example, in-patient hospital care is covered for a period of 60 days, but is subject to a $1,024 deductible payment from the patient. An extended hospital stay, beyond 60 days, may require a co-payment of $256 per day. To deal with these costs, low income people may also be covered under Medicaid or carry supplemental Medicare insurance. Supplemental insurance, known as Medigap, is meant to cover the cost of these co-payments or deductibles and may even cover additional hospitalization days. Medicare also covers the cost of a limited stay in a skilled nursing facility. Eligible patients are covered for up to 20 days after which the patient is required to pay a co-payment of $128 per day for a period of up to 100 days.

Protection or Free Trade for International Trade Essay

Protection or Free Trade for International Trade - Essay Example While both protectionism and free trade have their own advantages and disadvantages, the cost by far outweighs the benefits of protectionism. The arguments made in favor of protection are that the foreign producers have a â€Å"comparative advantage†, that protection helps the local infant industries flourish, that without protection importers would recklessly â€Å"dump† goods in the market, that protection protects the local producers, and finally, that protection prevents an imbalance of trade. However, each of these â€Å"perceived benefits† of protectionism comes at long-term costs which are far greater than the short-term benefits as explained below. The â€Å"comparative advantage† argument assumes that exporters from other countries have a strong competitive advantage that makes local producers less competitive thereby driving local companies out of business. For example, the labor cost in a developing country compared to that in a developed countr y puts some of the labor intensive local industries at a relative disadvantage. However, by moving to free-trade, countries are able to specialize in some other field where they have a comparative advantage. With such a specialization, the countries are able to take advantage of efficiencies generated from economies of scale and increased output. Also, free international trade increases the size of a firm’s market, resulting in lower average costs and increased productivity, ultimately leading to increased production. In the last few year, while China and India have taken up more work on the labor intensive industries, businesses in the developed countries have been able to actually take advantage of the lower cost and focus on their comparative advantage and invest more on research and development, and other high value added jobs. Besides, the comparative advantages do not last forever. Sooner or later, the advantage fades away. For example, according to Lyndesy Romick of gl obal envision, in China labor accounted for only about 2 percent of a manufacturing company’s total costs in 2000 but 2010 it was closer to 12 percent. That protectionism helps grow the infant industries is a misplaced fallacy. Government subsidizing of a new industry may channel too many resources into that industry, and can render the industry permanently inefficient and vulnerable to competition. Besides, most infant industries are at a competition from domestic competitors and not necessarily only importers. In the last few decades, the "infant" plastics, television, and computer industries have made out very well without any protection. Next, we consider the argument of dumping. Dumping may be defined as the overflow of cheap priced goods in order to under-cut the competition and gain market share. Now, if an importer starts dumping goods in a market, it would actually be good for the customers, and for the government in terms of revenue it makes no change. The only bad effect of dumping is for local producers. Logically, no firm can enjoy â€Å"dumping† as a sustainable strategy – selling below cost in the long-term would drive them to bankruptcy. Also, according to Rothbard, â€Å"†¦historical investigation has not turned up a single case where predatory pricing, when tried, was successful, and there are actually very few cases where it has even been tried.† The next pro-protectionism claim that it protects local producers is also at a huge cost. By protecting the local producers, there is no

Families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Families - Essay Example While men are often looked at as the fundamental breadwinners for the family, it becomes quite difficult for some to provide their children with the time and association they require. Children require contact and interaction. Most men complain that they lack association with their father simply because their fathers did not provide for them when they needed them. Men tend to reserve more time for their children than what they had been given by their fathers. Most fathers tend to feel protective about their children besides letting them out and explore their world on their own. This is so because they are aware of all the threats their children might encounter because they did face them themselves. Many fathers in the present age have lived a much free and leveraged childhood in terms of freedom as compared to what their children are allowed. Childhood in the past was enriched with an outdoor taste while today, outdoor games have been replaced with technical indoor activities, both related to school and otherwise. Today’s fathers are more protective towards their children. Many fathers tend to provide their children with sufficient leverage so that they can decide their future as per their interests and aptitude. Many children might even consider this a neglect on the part of the parents, but it is a fact that in most cases, parents hardly have time to help their child with his/her studies. However, parents do all to ensure that the child gets the finest education available. I think the authors have been quite rational in their realization of the four traits of fatherhood. Good fatherhood is an integration of provision, protection, endowment and emotional closeness. These are four factors many men miss about their relationship with their fathers. Emotional closeness is the most fundamental trait of fatherhood that decides the level of intimacy a father would develop with his children. Fathers need to provide their children with time,

Understanding Attitudes and Behavior Essay Example for Free

Understanding Attitudes and Behavior Essay The results support three out of the four hypotheses. The subscales knowledge, affect, intended behaviour and actual behaviour have a significant correlation, that is a change in one generates changes in another. Finding that knowledge is significant could be because the participants are University students and are likely to have a greater depth of general knowledge that the norm. On the other hand having a low knowledge score could be irrelevant to the actual behaviour. This is the conclusion of Maloney et als` study. Another consideration is maybe the hypothesis is wrong; knowledge could be significant in the ecological behaviour of an individual. Maloney et al did not find a correlation but Yule and Knussen (1998) did although to a lesser degree than the other subscales. It might be that it is not the specific knowledge across the spectrum of ecological issues that prompts to action. The items used may have had no relevance in the pro environmental attitude of the participant. Breadth of knowledge may lack significance however having a general, superficial knowledge of the subject or a deep knowledge of a specific area might correlate. In psychology it is generally regarded that knowledge of a subject has no significance with actual behaviour however it is unlikely that one would act to preserve the environment without some knowledge however unclear to prompt to action, especially in areas where recycling involves more effort than separating the items and putting them out for collection. Although there may be a smaller correlation with the other subscales it could be that knowledge is indeed significant but results may be forthcoming only when the inventory tackles the areas the pro-environmentalist is interested in and has a greater knowledge, e.g. a person may decide to recycle because they wish to conserve earths natural resources whereas another may do so because pollution kills. Both may recycle but for different reasons and their knowledge could be in-depth in separate but related areas. Possible behaviour needs a certain amount of knowledge to motivate but knowledge in itself does not necessarily activate behaviour. Ajzen and Fishbein concluded, from their studies, that traditional methods of attitude measurements were flawed but possibly modern attitude and behaviour measurements are also flawed. Perhaps when building the items to be used for the attitude measurement there would be a need to fit the items to particular social groups e. g. lower working class or long term unemployed may not buy environmentally friendly products as they are too expensive for a limited budget. Perhaps their contribution to recycling goes as far as reusing supermarket carriers as nappy sacks, using empty jars for home made jam, buying second hand goods, or using food scraps for humus in the garden but it is still recycling and is not included in CALECOL. Likewise a person with limited finances may have no way to get any items to a recycling point as a lot of local councils do not have collection days for recyclable goods. Their actual behaviour score would be reduced as a result of this biased slant to those that are financially able to buy environmentally friendly products. In the CALECOL Inventory (see appendix ii) there are a few items that may be irrelevant to certain areas of the population and as a result give a distorted score. For example actual behaviour subscale item 4 and intended behaviour item 9 12 mentions politics and environmental issues. Some religions actually prohibit voting for political parties and this item would affect the scoring. Transport difficulties mean taking items to be recycled is not possible for a lot of people(Item 9, actual behaviour. This Inventory is also biased towards the able bodied. Some environmentalists are disabled and unable to get out to clean up, use public transport, deliver leaflets or take items to a recycling point. This highlights the problems with measuring attitudes using inventories. The items used cannot be measured on everyone and therefore gives an unrealistic evaluation of their attitudes and the relationship to their behaviour. Age may affect the scores as most young people live at home and their actual behaviour may largely be under the control of their parents. So they may have the knowledge, strength of feeling and intention to be ecological but lack the means e. g. they will not usually decide which products to buy for the home or whether to recycle items. Age may also be a significant factor in revealing a correlation between the subscales. It would be interesting to find out if say the 18 24 age group subscales scores are significantly lower than the 36 44 age group. The evidence from this small study was that it might be as it was mostly the older members of the class that had the highest scores. This could be because as one ages one might ponder on the consequences of ones actions more. Pollution could be directly affecting their children and parents might want to make a contribution to their offsprings future environment. Another area that could be investigated is location. Do rural areas recycle more than towns or cities? What role does local social norms play in recycling behaviour? Measurement scales could be tailored to suit a particular class of individual, whether grouped by area, social class, disabled etc, to gain a more realistic measurement of their attitude. As attitudes are hypothetical constructs, theories and investigations will continue to be made. Through time, no doubt, measurement scales will grow more sophisticated in their search to accurately measure attitude components and their links with actual behaviour but without tailoring it is unlikely that all the items in an attitude inventory will apply to all participants in equal measure. REFERENCES Ajzen, I. , Fishbein, M. (1982). Understanding Attitudes and Behavior, Theoretical Implications. In J. C. Brigham, L. S. Wrightsman (ED. ), Contemporary Issues in Psychology (4th ED), pp127 137. Monterey, California, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Aijzen, I. , Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cited in Zimbargo and Leippe, (1991). The Psychology of Attitude and Social Influence. United States of America, McGraw Hill Maloney, M. P. , Ward, M. O. Braucht, C. N. (1975). A revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 787-790

Gloria Jeans Resarch Proposal Essay Example for Free

Gloria Jeans Resarch Proposal Essay Gloria Jeans started as a small coffee and gift shop in Chicago, USA in 1979. However, it wasn’t until 1995 that the company would become an Australian favourite, when the company was bought out by two Australian business men travelling in the USA. Today, Gloria Jeans operates over 1,000 coffee houses in 39 countries, but it is in Australia they are best known and loved, with over 460 coffee houses in Australia. Gloria Jeans has evolved from a simple coffee house into a specialty store, offering many different types of coffee, cakes and cold drinks. The market is highly competitive, and Gloria Jeans targets a younger demographic (peoples aged 18-25). Although successful, Gloria Jeans has been struck hard by giant competitors such as Starbucks and Au Bon Pain entering the Australian market, where Gloria Jeans has historically remained on top. Due to this, the company has decided to perform research to determine the preferences of their consumers, and to allow them to ensure their product mix is appropriate for their current customer base. Research Topic From the background information, the following research problem has been identified: To identify the types of customers that frequent Gloria Jeans coffee houses, to identify the types of products they purchase or are interested in purchasing, to determine the perceived quality of the products offered and to identify the patronage patterns of customers. The primary aim will be to determine the buying behaviour of Gloria Jeans customers, their perception of the products offered, if they prefer to drink coffee in house or take-away, and if the products offered are appropriate for the customers. As well as this, the company also wishes to determine the demographic features of its customers. Research Objectives The overall objective of the research is ‘to identify the consumption behaviour of Gloria Jeans’ customers’. This has been broken into the following three research objectives: 1) To determine the number of people who drink coffee, the frequency of their intake and whether do they prefer in-house or take-away coffee. 2) To identify whether the products available at Gloria Jeans are appropriate for the target market. 3) To examine customer attitude towards Gloria Jeans and its competitors in regards to product range, quality and comparability with competitors. These objectives aim to focus the research on the key areas identified and allow the development of a strategic research plan.

Business Plan For The Mead Johnson Nutritional Company Marketing Essay

Business Plan For The Mead Johnson Nutritional Company Marketing Essay An action research was sponsored by Mead Johnson in collaboration with NGO to access its efficacy in terms of increasing weight of infants of weaning age in urban slums of Dhaka city capital of Bangladesh. The findings of the study states that Infants weaned on ENFAMIL had more weight and length gained compared to control group Mothers attitude and infants acceptance of ENFAMIL was satisfactory. Storage pests (insects) were found on in one batch of weaning packets. Now Mead Johnson wants to access the acceptance of ENFAMIL in terms of its price, packaging, taste/quality among middle and lower middle class families. In the context of the current maturity of the market and the strategic options available, it is first necessary to assess whether the company is marketing the right product form the point of view of the consumers. Hence evaluation of the product is necessary. The specific objectives of the research are to assess consumer evaluation in the broad areas of: Packaging Product Price The end objective is to identify areas that need to be strengthened and also the existing strength areas that can be exploited. Start up summary Start-up costs of Mead Johnson consist of legal costs, research, Manpower, marketing/promotion product is to fund start-up expenses with Companys reserved fund, owner investments and a long-term business loan. Product Testing- ENFAMIL Research Budget Item Unit Cost Total (Taka) Sample product 818 150.00 122,700.00 Consultancy fee 2 8,500.00 17,000.00 Team leader and key members 8 8,000.00 64,000.00 Field Work Supervisor cum Data Quality Controllers 16 5,000.00 80,000.00 Data Collectors 40 3,000.00 120,000.00 Study Coordinator 2 7,000.00 14,000.00 Controller of Field Operation 4 6,000.00 24,000.00 Focus group discussion 64 300.00 19,200.00 In-depth interview 20 500.00 10,000.00 Data Analyst 2 9,000.00 18,000.00 Daily allowance 40 120.00 4,800.00 Particulars 2,000.00 2,000.00 Printing of Data Collection Instrument 5,000.00 5,000.00 Stationary 4,550.00 4,550.00 Photocopying and binding of reports 2,750.00 2,750.00 Pre-testing of Data Collection instrument 3,000.00 3,000.00 Total expenditure 511,000.00 Source of Capital : The source of capital is as follows: Funded by company 45% 270000.00 Owners investment- 20% 120000.00 Loan from Bank- 35% 210000.00 Total Capital: 600000.00 RESOURCES REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATION: Physical resources: The physical resources of this project will be include all essentials office equipments such as, computers, phone and fax, internet connection for data transfer, data collecting equipment. The costs of the physical resources Taka 140,000.00 (  £1320.00) PHYSICAL RESOURCES UNIT TOTAL COSTS Sample product 818 122700.00 Printing of Data Collection Instrument 2 5000.00 Particular 10 2000.00 Pre-testing of Data Collection instrument 5 3000.00 Stationary 7300.00 Total 140,000.00   Human Resources: POSITIONS NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES Administrative Assistant 1 Team Leader and key members 8 Supervisors cum Quality controllers 16 Data collector 40 Study Coordinator 2 Controller of Field Operation 4 TOTAL 71 Initially there will be a Team Leader who is responsible for the operational work. One will be an administrative assistant who will deal with all the paper work and who will take care of the administration duties. The remaining people will be divided into few groups. After taking all the necessary information members of the each group will forward these information to team leader to processing the activities. Financial Resources: The funding and investments for this project will be received from the companys own fund, owners personal investment and loan from the Banks. Research budget with sample products initial expenses is taka 511,000.00 (  £4820.00) RESEARCH DESIGN The research design is essentially a concept cum usage test. The details are discussed in turn. New product development: The development of original products, product improvements, product modifications, and new brands through the firms own RD efforts. The major criteria of new development are written below with a short description: Idea generation:The systematic search for new product ideas- Idea screening:Screening new product ideas in order to spot good ideas and drop poor ones as soon as possible. Product concept:A detailed version of the new product idea started in meaningful consumer terms. Concept testing:Testing new product concepts with group of target consumers to find out if the concepts have strong consumer appeal. Product development is a major part on marketing. The RD of any company does the mainly product development. In Bangladesh Mead Johnson havent have any RD departments. Mother company of Mead Johnson well known non-government social organization have innovated the product according to the consumer need, and analyzing the segment, culture and the other part of marketing. Study Design We have conducted a house-to-house random survey using structured questionnaires through personal interview. In our case Monadic test design as followed i.e. each respondent would tried one test product only. Prior to the main quantitative survey qualitative exploration was done through Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The opinions were collected in following sequence in the main survey: Selection of Respondents Discussion on need need gaps on weaning food Introduction to concept reactions thereof Product placement Reactions to product Reaction to price METHODOLOGY The agency proposed a house-to-house random survey to be conducted using a structured questionnaire through personal interview. In this case Monadic test design would be followed i.e. each respondent would try one test product only. Hence, we propose to place the product to the respondents for a period of 15 days after which their opinion on the product will be gathered. During this period they will use the product as suggested. Prior to doing the quantitative product test 8 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) will be conducted to have an in-depth understanding of the choice factors and to generate consumer vocabulary for the same.  ­Ã‚ ­ Measuring tools to used For rating on choice factors an 11-point scale (0-10) was used. Consumers will give mark out of ten. This scale has equality of interval properly and is reliable. This is also closest to reality because consumers are familiar with this scale and can easily rate on any factor. Sampling Universe Considering the geographic spread the Company has proposed that the following towns would be covered in the study. Dhaka( Capital city ) Chittagong Rangpur Syhlett In sum, the sampling universe for this study is all households having infants aged 4 to 10 months belonging to socio-economic classes B and C (appendix) in the selected towns. Sample Size Qualitative (FGD) Quantitative Metro: Dhaka 2 156 Large: Chittagong 2 85 Medium:Rajshahi 2 84 Small: Syhlett 2 84 Total 8 409 The allocation of sample size across the selected towns was done on the basis of sampling error ranges and also of heterogeneity of households within the town classes. For larger towns higher numbers of samples were covered to capture its diversity/ heterogeneity. In all there were a total of 8 FGDs and subsequently 409 respondents for quantitative study. Standard error ranges for different percentage estimates at the 95 % level of confidence based on simple random sample size. Sampling Technique We followed a multi stage, stratified sampling method to ensure representative samples. Within a town, households were selected by the Random Route technique (Cluster sampling). In each cluster/ area (smallest urban unit) 5 households were covered. Thus a total of 17-31 clusters/ areas were covered in each town, depending on sampling size. Target Group As mentioned, ENFAMIL targets the middle class and lower middle class consumers. Middle and lower middle class consumers are more concentrated in the urban towns than in the semi-urban towns or rural villages and hence urban target consumers are more accessible to the marketers for a new brand. Therefore, this study would be limited to urban towns only. Hence, primary target segment for ENFAMIL is all the households of the urban towns having at least one child between 5 to 10 months age and belonging to the middle and lower middle class. Time Plan for the Study Weeks Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sample Survey Preparatory Work for Sample Survey Instrumental Development Field Briefing, Training Field Work For Sampling Survey Data Entry Analysis for Sample Survey Reporting Focus Group Discussion Desk Research for the program Training Module Preparatory Work Collection of Reports, documents and historical Data Reporting Draft Report Final Report Head of the household The analysis of the respondents is given center-wise and on the basis of socio-economic classification. Standard market research classification of income is provided below. Center SEC Age of the Child (In Month) Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Syhlett SEC B SEC C 5-8 Months 8+ Month Total Total 156 85 84 84 188 221 218 191 409 1. Less than Tk 3000 15% 9% 13% 4% 4% 17% 12% 10% 11% 2. Tk 3001-4000 21% 20% 35% 14% 12% 30% 23% 21% 22% 3. Tk 4001-5000 18% 26% 31% 26% 20% 27% 22% 26% 24% 4. Tk 5001-6000 11% 14% 6% 19% 13% 11% 10% 15% 12% 5. Tk 6001-7000 10% 8% 6% 13% 14% 5% 9% 10% 10% 6. Tk 7001-8000 6% 5% 6% 4% 9% 2% 5% 6% 5% 7. Above Tk 8000 19% 18% 4% 20% 27% 6% 20% 11% 16% Mean Score (In Taka) 7199 6682.9 48649.4 6567.9 8422.5 4834.4 6968.5 5930.4 6483.7 Table : Monthly disposable income In majority of the market research projects we consider disposable monthly family income (DMFI). This is the amount of total earning of the family left after paying house rent, if any. This is a very good indicator of purchasing power. Needless to mention, average DMFI of the residents of Dhaka is more. And, quite obviously respondents belonging to SEC B had higher DMFI than their SEC C counterparts. However in all the centers, barring Dhaka, majority of respondents live in own houses especially at Chittagong and Syhlett (around 76-87%). In Dhaka 77% of the respondents live in rented houses paying an average house rent of Taka 574 per month. Family Size Number of Children The respondents had standard family size in most cases ranging from 4.7 to 6.2. In other words the average family size was 5.3. The following table will give an idea about the number of children the respondents have. Table: Family Size Center SEC Age of the Child (In Month) Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Syhlett SEC B SEC C 5-8 Months 8+ Month Total Total 156 85 84 84 188 221 218 191 409 Mean Score 4.7 5.9 5 6.2 5.6 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.3 List of Children Boy Girl List of Children Boy Girl 05 Months 16% 10% 08 Years 12% 12% 06 Months 13% 17% 09 Years 8% 7% 07 Months 12% 13% 10 Years 6% 8% 08 Months 10% 15% 11 Years 3% 6 09 Months 18% 17% 12 Years 6% 4% 10 Months 30% 28% 13 Years 2% 1% 01 Year *% *% 14 Years 1% 3% 02 Years 4% 3% 15 Years 2% 1% 03 Years 6% 9% 16 Years 1% -% 04 Years 11% 9% 17 Years -% *% 05 Years 12% 16% 18 Years *% -% 06 Years 11% 13% 07 Years 4% 6% Total 207 202 On an average the respondents have two children. Among the 409 respondents interviewed 298 had children below 8 months and 191 had children above 8 months on the basis of which they were selected. The Respondent 99% of the respondents were housewives. The respondents were primarily young and 65% of them belong to the age group of 18 to 25 years whereas rests are between 26 to 35 years. able: Occupation of the Respondent Center SEC Age of the Child (In Month) Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Syhlett SEC B SEC C 5-8 Months 8+ Month Total Total 156 85 84 84 188 221 218 191 409 1. Housewife 99% 100% 98% 100% 98% 100% 99% 99% 99% 2. Student -% 1% -% 2% 2% -% -% 2% 1% 3. Part time job -% 1% 2% 1% 2% *% 1% 1% 1% 4. Full time job 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 5. Others 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% *% *% 2% 1% INFORMATION AREA CONCEPT PACKAGING PRODUCT status motive needs. overall measures -Likeability Uniqueness -Nutrition -Modernity -Overall rating -Attractiveness Attractiveness -Physical appearance (looks, granularity, etc.) -Dynamism -Intention to try -Uniqueness Pack size -Preparation convenience (easy to mix with water, does not form lump, etc.) -Friendliness -Intention to use regularly -Credibility Packshape/Graphics/Design/ color -Taste, aroma, etc -Age Information Literature/information -Storage convenience -Trustworthiness Overall acceptability Ability to preserve content -Longevity, not forming lump -Premium Usefulness of information given on the pack Insect growth, etc. -Sophisticated Credibility of information Can be mixed with milk, soup, etc. -Natural/fresh Usage Experience Majority of the respondents (61%) had consumed almost both the packets given for usage. Some 27% had consumed at least one packet in the 15 days, the time given to them to try the product. During this time phase, on average the product was given two times daily to the child mixed with only water (about average of 253ml) in most cases (69%). About 26% of the mothers had also mixed sugar or other items with ENFAMIL. Hot water was preferred most by the respondents (79%), whereas 14% used tepid water. DIAGNOSTIC OF PERFORMANCE: It is clear that the respondents had adequate product experience. Their views on the product therefore are meaningful. We first examine the overall performance indicators of the product. For this we shall consider three indicators- Intention to regular use, Intention to try, and overall rating. Of these three, intention to regular use is the strongest indicator as it expresses the probability of buying and using the product. Intention to try comes next. And overall rating is the third most important indicator as it signifies how much the product is liked Spontaneous Reaction On exposure to the concept the respondents were asked to express their feeling about good or bad. The major reactions are shown below: Center SEC % Reactions Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Syhlett SEC B SEC C TOTAL Childs health will remain good if fed along with breast milk 41 45 42 7 36 34 35 Liked the literature which states this is necessary along with breast milk 25 12 13 8 11 21 16 Child will get nutrition 29 6 6 7 13 17 15 Has Vitamin 17 12 15 8 14 14 14 Literature gives Impression that it will be a quality product 3 22 4 17 12 9 10 Balanced diet 13 7 8 4 9 10 9 Helps in rapid 10 16 6 4 9 10 9 Base: 156 85 84 84 188 221 409 At a top of mind level, childs health has registered most. It is understood that if fed along side continued breast-feeding ENFAMIL would ensure good health. It nutrition, being balanced diet, and helping in babys growth have also registered moderately. Likes and dislikes of the concept The respondents were also asked to describe what they liked and disliked of the concept. Only about 2% had any dislike while all had one or more likes of the concept. The major likings are picture of the baby (70%), literature on childs food requirement (26%), the packet (21%). MARKETING MIX Attempting to target relatively high-priced offerings to rural families on the margins of the cash economy, or to the poorest of the urban poor, is simply bad marketing. But Mead Johnson developed this new brand of ENFAMIL so that middle class families can purchase this product at a lower price but meet nutritional demands for infants. The next section will emphasize the 4Ps of ENFAMIL: Product: Nature of product: ENFAMIL milk-based, lactose-free, iron fortified infant formula for first 12 months. Product Features: The only lactose-free, milk-based formula, which includes LIPIL, a unique blend of DHA and ARA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lactose-free and sucrose-free No sucrose (table sugar) Nutrition value: NUTRIENTS (Normal Dilution) Per 100 Calories (5 fl oz)   Protein, g 2.1   Fat, g 5.3   Carbohydrate, g 10.9   Water, g 134   Linoleic acid, mg 860 Vitamins   Ã‚  Vitamin A, IU 300   Ã‚  Vitamin D, IU 60   Ã‚  Vitamin E, IU 2   Ã‚  Vitamin K,  µg 8   Ã‚  Thiamin (Vitamin B1),  µg 80   Ã‚  Riboflavin (Vitamin B2),  µg 140   Ã‚  Vitamin B6,  µg 60   Ã‚  Vitamin B12,  µg 0.3   Ã‚  Niacin,  µg 1000   Ã‚  Folic acid (Folacin),  µg 16   Ã‚  Pantothenic acid,  µg 500   Ã‚  Biotin,  µg 3   Ã‚  Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), mg 12   Ã‚  Choline, mg 12   Ã‚  Inositol, mg 6   Minerals   Ã‚  Calcium, mg 82   Ã‚  Phosphorus, mg 55   Ã‚  Magnesium, mg 8   Ã‚  Iron, mg 1.8   Ã‚  Zinc, mg 1   Ã‚  Manganese,  µg 15   Ã‚  Copper,  µg 75   Ã‚  Iodine,  µg 15   Ã‚  Selenium,  µg 2.8   Ã‚  Sodium, mg 30   Ã‚  Potassium, mg 110   Ã‚  Chloride, mg 67   Core value the product is giving to its customer: Enfamil the first infant formula in all over the globe, which contains the nutrients DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and ARA (arachidonic acid). Also naturally found in breast milk, DHA and ARA have been clinically shown to support infant brain and eye development. Performance of the Pack Likes and dislikes, attribute rating, and overall rating of the pack are examined below to assess the packs acceptability. Overall rating: The rating on the pack on overall was collected on a 7.0-point scale. The ratings are as below. %all Very Poor to moderate 1 Good 2 Very Good 36 Excellent 1 Mean Score (1-7) 6.6 The pack is excellent on overall consideration. Hence it is quite obvious that it would have few dislikes. Price: Prior to exposure to the stipulated price, an effort was made to identify the price most suitable for the brand, via Psychological Monetary Demand (PMD) technique. The respondents were offered a range of price from Tk. 100 to 200 with and increment of Tk. 5, and asked above which price, and at which price or below they would not purchase the brand. The analysis provides the proportion of the target group willing to purchase ENFAMIL at each price level and corresponding monetary demand. For a marketer profit maximization is likely to occur at the highest level of monetary demand. The analysis depicts that maximum monetary gain can be ensured if the price of ENFAMIL is at Tk. 75. Above this price proportion of buyers and monetary value of sales fall drastically. On the other hand, if the objective is to maximize number of users, one can reduce the price down to the level of Tk. 60. Beyond this, interested buyers will be fewer. Price Market price line ENFAMIL @ TK 75 TIME Figure: market penetration strategy Demand pattern According to the market dynamics, the demand for consumable products depends on the price factor along with other related factors i.e. test and preferences, nature of the product, and economic condition of the target customers. After analyzing the market pattern and relationship of price to quantity through sample survey questionnaire the following demand pattern was observed. The analysis provides the proportion of the target group willing to purchase ENFAMIL at each price level and corresponding monetary demand. For a marketer profit maximization is likely to occur at the highest level of monetary demand. Proportion of consumers Monetary Demand Price (%)willing to buy (Assuming pop=100) Tk.50 67 3337 Tk.55 76 4135 Tk.60 83 4958 Tk.65 83 5419 Tk.70 82 5716 Tk.75 82 6125 Tk.80 69 5535 Tk.85 60 5071 Tk.90 46 4137 Tk.95 42 4018 Tk.100 17 1711 Tk.105 15 1540 Tk.110 10 1103 Tk.115 9 1012 Tk.120 0 0 The analysis depicts that maximum monetary gain can be ensured if the price of ENFAMIL is at Taka 75.00 Above this price proportion of buyers and monetary value of sales fall drastically. On the other hand, if the objective is to maximize number of users, one can reduce the price down to the level of Taka. 60.00 Beyond this, interested buyers will be fewer. Thus it can be concluded that the demand for baby food ENFAMIL is elastic. Place : The nature of distribution of the product and the market accessibility also plays a major role after generating awareness of the product among the target customers. If the customers dont have the product at the right place at the right moment than there exists the possibility that those customers will switch to another brand and have bitter experience while purchasing the product . To reverse the effect of the above situation the company should use both direct marketing and indirect marketing channels to promote ENFAMIL. For distributing ENFAMIL the company should use following methods Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailers Customers Manufacturer Customers Manufacturer Pharmacy Customers 1) 2) 3) Figure: Distribution channels Promotion The range of promotional activities available to todays manufacturer or companies can be overwhelming. The promotional action plan for ENFAMIL is listed below. Advertising Newspaper, Billboard, Electronic media: Radio TV Public relation- Social activities, Sponsorship, Awareness campaign about the benefits of baby food product Direct marketing- Promoting via doctors through medical representatives ENFAMIL is very new in the market it requires specific events such as the launch of an advertising campaign or a press conference to announce the launching of the new product. In other cases promotional activities necessarily be required for the NGO to carry out in different local government and private hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and aware rural, urban middle to lower middle class families about the product. In other cases promotional activities involve putting various elements into place for the long term, such as training salespeople for directing marketing to promote this product via doctors through medical representatives. In all cases, it is important to integrate companys promotion efforts; doing so can decrease costs and increase communication effectiveness. SALES FORCAST The sales forecast has been done in three levels. First level depicts optimistic forecast if all other factors affecting sales are favorable. The second level of sales forecast is based on normal ongoing condition of the economy and the next level of forecast is done based on the pessimistic approach. YEARLY ESTIMATED DEMAND Price remains fixed as the product is price elastics Quantity demanded (units in hundreds) Economic condition Portion of Expected customer (assumption) Sales forecast (Units in hundreds ) TK 75.00 6125 Optimistic 90% 5512 TK 75.00 6125 Normal 75% 4593 TK 75.00

Solids, Liquids, and Gases :: essays research papers

Solids, liquids, and gases are the three main, or fundamental phases of matter. Each one has a different density and a different level of stability. What determines the stability of each phase is the bond between it's atoms. The tighter the bond between it's atoms the more stable that phase of matter is. Solids are the most stable form of matter, followed by liquids, and then gases. Solids have a definite shape and do not take the shape of their container. Liquids do not have any definite shape and do take the shape of their container, the same is true with gases. Once again it is the bond between the atoms of liquids, and gases that make it have no definite shape. The first phase of matter is solids. Solids are the most stable form of matter. Solids are more stable than liquids and gases. One type of solid is a Crystalline solid. The particles in a crystalline solid have a regular repeating pattern. The types of crystalline solids are metals, alloys, salts, valence crystals, molecular crystals, polymers, and plastics. Most elementscrystalize as metals. Some solids can also be frozen liquids. The atoms in a solid are tightly bonded which means it has a definiteshape. The second phase of matter is liquids. Liquids have no definite shape. Liquids are less orderly than solids but more orderly than gases. Liquids can flow very easily. Liquids also take the shape of their container. Most liquids are very good conductors. Most liquids are also good solvents. Some solids float in liquids depending on their density. If the solid is less dense than the liquid then it floats on the liquids surface. If the solid is more dense than the liquid then it sinks in the liquids. For example an egg normally sinks in water because it's density is higher than water's density. When you add salt to the water the density of the water becomes higher than the egg's density so the egg floats. The third and final fundamental phase of matter is gas. Gases are the least orderly of the three phases of matter. Gases take the shape of their container because of the very weak bond between their atoms. Gases are also very low in density. The average gas is 1000 times less than that of the average liquid. The volume of gas varies with many things including temperature and pressure. These are explained in Charles's and Boyle's laws. Boyle's law states that the volume of gas varies indefinitely with the pressure applied to it.

Commentary on the Satiric Nature of George Orwell’s 1984 Essay

It goes without saying that every work in literature is unique. The way that certain novels, novellas, or poems go about accentuating certain themes or points, whether of grand nature or of little consequence to society, is certainly achieved through a concoction of literary styles. The most enduring and effective works of literature exhibit an artful combination of literary device and aforementioned technique. Without a doubt, George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four exhibits such a blend of style through characteristics of a dystopian novel and satire. Orwell lived in a time when the spread of communism, mostly unbeknownst to his audience, posed an unimaginable threat to freedom. Therefore, though his novel, he attempted to emphasize the fallacies that would exist in a totalitarian nation-state if people were to accept its lure of equality. However, many argue about how exactly Orwell goes about achieving this; the line of argument divided between satire and a dystopian fictio n. Yet, it’s impossible to be dogmatic when considering this aspect of literature since, as stated above, any piece of literature, most especially works such as Nineteen Eighty-Four, exhibit a mix of literary elements. Upon close inspection though, it becomes possible to understand Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four as a novel with strong satiric elements. By analyzing the presence of novelistic rudiments, such as dystopian plot, characterization, theme, and symbolism, compared to satiric essentials of humor, irony, and subtle criticism, it becomes evident that the effectiveness of Nineteen Eighty-Four derives from the fact that it adheres strongly as a novel with strong satiric elements compared to satire with novelistic elements. It’s important to emphasis tha... ...symbolism employs, it becomes possible to understand Nineteen Eighty-Four as a novel with strong satiric elements. There are different degrees of satire, and this particular work of Orwell the satire, perhaps compared to more blatant criticisms of political theories such as his Animal Farm, is much more subtle. The criticism is less obvious compared to the more foreboding warning presented through the implementation of novelistic elements. Still, some may argue that the exaggerated nature of the work is itself satiric, but one can’t necessarily draw a distinction between that and warning. Thus lies the murkiness that makes works such as Nineteen Eighty-Four effective. Prevalent novelistic elements combined with subtle jabs of satire, in the form of dark humor, criticism, and irony; make this particular work everlasting and truly applicable to any temporal period.

Comparison of Roman and American slavery Essay

Slavery is one of the most common entities between the Roman’s society and the Western society in the late 1800’s. Both civilizations have many differences and similarities between their views on slavery, treatments of the slaves, and economics of slavery. Such similarities include the imprisonment of slaves, the cruel treatments towards slaves, and the legal status of slaves as their owner’s property. However, despite the many differences, slavery between polar societies always has its differences. These differences include the rights of the slaves, the slave’s origins, and the payment of the slaves. Through the comparison of slavery present in Western society of the later 1800’s and Roman society, several astonishing similarities and differences become apparent, especially when considering the movie, â€Å"Sparticus†. The astonishing amount of similarities between the slavery in Roman society and the slavery in Western society show the great importance of slavery to one’s populace. In both society’s, the slave was the basic unit of society, for all of the agricultural market rested upon their shoulders. Just as cotton was the staple crop of the United States, wheat was the fundamental crop in Roman society, both of which are cultivated by slaves. In both societies, owning a multitude of slaves showed one’s social status, for if one owned numerous slaves, then they were considered wealthy. Additionally, the lower class looked down upon the slaves as lower individuals than themselves, treating them like animals through their constant beatings and tiresome work. This work that the slaves had to endure was similar in both societies, for they similarly had to work in the fields for long hours. A child born of a slave woman was a slave (the legal status of his father being irrelevant) and the property of the slave woman’s owner. Ultimately, the Roman and Western society’s views and actions upon slaves were the same in several ways, yet there will always be differences between the two. The differences between the Roman and Western treatment and thoughts about slavery seem to be even more immense than the similarities, but you must keep in mind that the two society’s thrived in completely different ages  with different circumstances. In Roman society, the slaves were all prisoners of war from various countries and races not just one race like the Western slavery. In United States, the slavery consisted of almost all Africa-American captives who didn’t have any interference with their society before they were beginning to be imprisoned. Another difference is the ability for the Roman slaves to rebel with a large force, while the American slaves only tried to run away. The Roman slaves created large slave armies, while the American slaves only created the secret underground railroad. Just as the Romans gather together large quantities of slaves to create an army, Sparticus similarly was one of Rome’s great heroes who shows the similarities and d ifferences between Roman and Western slavery. In the movie, â€Å"Sparticus†, there are several events which allow the viewer to compare Roman slavery to that of Western slavery. In the movie, the slaves were paid small sums of money for their efforts, as seen when they are able to buy the several fleets of ships. However, in Western slavery, the slaves were seldom paid, because they were considered property of their owner. Furthermore, Roman slaves were trained in specific arts and crafts, such as the slave who Sparticus met that was a singer and magician. In Western society, on the other hand, the slaves mostly just cooked the meals and worked in the fields. However, the similarity between the two society’s includes the abuse felt by the slaves. In the movie, Sparticus was constantly hit with the wooden paddle and made to fight as a gladiator, just as the American slaves were whipped and hung by their white masters. The movie, â€Å"Sparticus†, is an excellent example of the treatment and views of slavery in Roman society, all of which can be compared and contrasted to American slavery. There are several similarities and differences between the slavery present in Roman society and Western society. Just some of the similarities include the society’s views on slavery, the treatments of the slaves, and economics of slavery. Several more differences arise, on the other hand, because of the vast time and cultural differences between these two civilizations. These differences include the rights of the slaves, the slave’s origins, and the payment of the slaves. Through the comparison of slavery present in Roman  society and American society, several intriguing similarities and differences become apparent, especially when considering the movie, â€Å"Sparticus†.

“Of Mice and Men”: George’s actions at the end of the novel Essay

Discuss George’s actions at the end of the novel. How can we justify what he does to Lennie? How can we condemn it? Although murder is morally incorrect, mercy killing can be justified as it may prevent a later inevitable and painful death. In the novella ‘Of Mice and Men’ written by John Steinbeck, the character George shoots his friend, Lennie. Whilst George’s actions can be condemned, George had good intentions towards the death of his friend. Steinbeck makes it clear throughout the novella that although horrid incidents may occur such as Lennie’s death that it was how it was during the Great Depression. However one may like to condemn George’s actions in shooting his only friend, George had forgivable intentions as to why he chose to shoot Lennie. George’s murdering of his friend was without malicious intent. It is clear from the start in the novella that George cares for Lennie, as he protects and looks out for him. Killing Lennie was not an easy choice.. He also prevented a further painful and torturous death for Lennie, as Curley plans to ‘shoot that big bastard’s guts right outta him.’ This implies that Curley intends no mercy and an excruciating death awaits Lennie. By shooting his friend, George gives Lennie a peaceful death. During the scene where the two men are in the bush, George once again recites their dream which reminds the audience and Lennie of their friendship. He tells George, ‘I got you an’ you got me.’ This conveys in the idea that George truly cared for Lennie and has no vicious intent when he is to shoot Lennie. By shooting Lennie, George gave him a merciful and peaceful death with no intended malicion. The murder of Lennie is justified as Steinbeck shows the audience through the novella, realistic themes that were evident in the 1930s. Steinbeck’s writing style has been described as a naturalist or realist type. It is clear from the start, that in ‘Of Mice and Men’ there is a predatory nature in human existence. Candy says to George, â€Å"I shouldn’t have let no stranger shoot my dog.† Having said that, it foreshadows Lennie’s death and what George must do. It also conveys in the idea that Lennie will face a similar fate to Candy’s old dog who is weak and handicapped. Society does not tolerate the weak as there were limited resources during the Great  Depression. As seen in the scene where Slim drowns the smallest pups, it is clear that Steinbeck is trying to send across the message that only the strongest lived during the Great Depression. John Steinbeck gave the reader a realistic view on what would have happened during a difficu lt time and Lennie’s death is similar to what would have occurred during the 1930s. The final reason that justifies Lennie’s death, is when one ponders the reality of the men attaining the ranch. As evident in the novella, Lennie has no problem killing small animals and even people. If the reader is to imagine Lennie on a ranch with a large group of animals, especially rabbits; no matter how many times Candy calculated the numbers, there would be no possible way for the men to make a profit off the rabbits given the amount Lennie would kill due to his brute strength. By forgetting the reality of the situation, the men forget that the ranch was not even a reachable goal in the first place. As indicated by George, â€Å"I think I knowed from the very first. I think I knowed we’d never do her.† This supports the idea that there was really no chance of the men actually getting the ranch. By killing Lennie, George puts an end to the unrealistic dream in which Lennie would have created problems in making the dream farm profitable. George’s actions are justified through realism that the ending scene portrays. When George shoots Lennie, he ensures he dies a peaceful death. If George did not kill Lennie, Lennie would have faced a possible torturous death. His actions are also justified as George meant no malicious intent and only wants the best for his friend. Lennie would have made life difficult even on their own land. Steinbeck shows the realism that people in the Great Depression would have faced in situations similar to Lennie and George’s; he shows us a piece of history and the tragedies attached. Although one may condemn George’s shooting of Lennie, mercy killing was the best choice for both of the men. Loved the point about the Depression times. (Paragraph 3) and also the â€Å"unrealistic † dream point in the next paragraph You could also discuss the fact that George also â€Å"loses† something by killing  Lennie. He really believed their relationship was special. ( George tells Slim this). Killing Lennie wasn’t just the easy way out for George. Once again, an original approach. I am sure your exam essay will reflect your mature approach and your hard work.

The Use of Lasers in Esophageal Cancer Treatment

Esophageal cancer is a rare form of cancer, but its numbers are on the rise around the world (Staff, Mayo Clinic 1). This disease occurs when malignant or cancerous cells form in the tissues of the esophageal lining of the body’s gastrointestinal tract. The esophagus is responsible for moving swallowed food and liquids from the mouth into the stomach for digestion. It consists of several tissue layers, including the mucous membrane, muscle, and connective tissues.When cancer forms in the esophagus, it begins in the innermost layer of the tissue (the mucous membrane) and moves outward (towards the connective tissue layer) as it spreads (see Figure 1). It often goes undetected for many years, and in its later stages, this cancer is not easily treatable. Among those who develop esophageal cancer, their long-term survival rate is low, as it is estimated that only 12. 5% of patients live five years beyond the date of diagnosis (Triesschejin, Martijn 5).The standard treatment option used to combat esophageal cancer is called an esophagectomy, in which the cancerous area of the esophagus is removed via surgery, however this procedure is very invasive, complicated, and is often times fatal. However, with today’s technological advancements, safer, less-invasive methods are beginning to replace this option and are proving to be successful in helping to extend the lives of those patients with severe esophageal cancer and aid in improving their quality of life.One up-and-coming treatment option that is far more safe and practical than esophagectomy is the integration of lasers in photodynamic therapy, or PDT. Although it is still an experimental treatment, is ideal because it has no long-term side effects, is minimally invasive, can be done quickly with little recovery time, has the ability to precisely target the areas of the body where the cancer cells are present, and can be safely repeated multiple times until the desired results are achieved.Post-treatme nt, it has been known to cause sensitivity to light, particularly pertaining to the patient’s eyes and skin, however this has not been shown to be a significant issue among those treated with PDT. Photodynamic therapy uses special drugs, known as photosensitizing agents, along with laser light to kill cancer cells closer to the surface of the skin. The agents are injected into the body via and ‘switched on’ with light of the appropriate wavelength depending on the drug utilized. Chemical and molecular reactions within the ody from the drugs then destroy the cancer cells and work to rid the body of the esophageal disease. Although several sources of light are possibilities when performing photodynamic therapy, lasers are the most preferred. They are the most effective in emitting monochromatic light, or light that is of a single wavelength and color, corresponding to all of the different absorption maxima of photosensitizers’ compounds, and can be relativel y easily coupled to optical fibers from 200 to 600 microns’ core sizes.Specifically, the type of laser that is optimal for the treatment of esophageal cancer is a diode laser. These lasers are the most recent to be used in cancer treatment, and were developed just within the last fifteen years. Thus, they have higher quality beams, expanded ranges of wavelengths, and can be used on higher powers if desired. Diode lasers are ideal because they are simple to use, easy to transport, and do not require difficult installation like the gas (argon) and dye lasers used before them (Boucher 74).The diode laser currently approved by the FDA is manufactured by Angiodynamics, and has been successfully used, along with the correct application of photosensitizers, in esophageal cancer treatments. â€Å"A good photosensitizer is preferably a pure compound with a constant composition† (Nyman 3). And in esophageal cancer treatment via PDT, the best-proven photosensitizer is called porf imer sodium, also commercially known as Photofrin ®.In fact, the United States’ Food and Drug Administration has only approved the use of this photosensitizer in the treatment of esophageal cancer via PDT (â€Å"Photodynamic Therapy† 2). Porfimer sodium is injected intravenously, where it is then absorbed by all of the body’s cells, but only those cells that are normal and not cancerous are able to get rid of it. To allow for the body’s normal cells to rid themselves of the drug, two to three days are given between the drug’s administration and the activation of the drug by laser light.After being passed down the throat through a small flexible tube called an endoscope, a thin fiber optic glass strand is used to direct the laser light at the affected area. The optical fiber is made of fused silica, and uses a balloon catheter to distribute a defined, controlled amount of light to the treated esophagus organ. If the beam were not diffuse, a direct beam (even at a low power) could be damaging to the esophageal tissue. The light is operated at weaker power of around 2 Watts to ensure that it does not burn any tissue, and it is relatively pain-free.The treatment it is applied for no longer than an hour at a time and can often be done in an outpatient setting (reference all sources listed). Normally, the most common wavelength used is red light, as its specific wavelength of 630 nanometers has been shown to work best when attempting to create the most effective and potent malignant cancer cell-killing method possible. Atomically speaking, following its activation by laser light, â€Å"†¦the photosensitizer is elevated from a ground state to a long lasting excited triplet state†¦. and it] can then react with cell membranes to form radical ions [intermediates] which interact further with oxygen to produce cytotoxic oxygenated molecules† (Gray 1). More simply put, the excited photosensitizer activated by the laser light transfers its energy to other molecules before returning to its ground state, which generates a reactive oxygen species (intermediate) that is able to directly kill and destroy the esophageal tumor via oxidation, and later, indirectly, via inflammation.Research has shown a huge increase in the survival rate of PDT patients receiving this treatment. Treated patients’ survival rates improved 25% over a span of five years compared to those who never received any type of treatment (Li 2). And although doctors have seen great success with the use of photodynamic therapy and diode laser treatments, there is still much more to be researched and improved upon. Currently, new drugs, such as Photochlor ®, and others are being clinically tested to see if they can be used as photosensitizers in the treatment of esophageal cancer.This photosensitizer looks promising, as it has already been shown to last a much shorter time and is more easily removed from the body than Photofrin ® is. Also, scientists are looking at the possibility of using ointments containing ferrous or colbalt ions and hydrogen peroxide on the treated cancerous area to improve PDT outcomes along with laser light. And with the further advancement of technology, hopefully newer treatments will be able to not only improve the outcomes of patients with severe esophageal cancer, but be able to cure them of it once and for all.

Cell Phone Usage in School Should Be Banned

Kaitlyn Sebastian Cell Phone Usage in School In a Wireless survey, it has been said that 91% of Americans use a cell phone. These devices have majorly advanced within the years and can be used for many things. Although cell phones have many great and convenient features, their usage in school should be banned because teens ignore the enforced rules, it can be used to cheat, and most have a camera feature that can be used to take inappropriate pictures of others. Teens these days are very â€Å"rebellious† in my opinion. Most don’t like being told what to do and like to be independent.So, when they know that there are rules in school against having cell phones around with you throughout the day, they ignore them because they always think they will never get caught. Teens can be very sneaky with what they do and can hide things easily. They know that the worst that can happen is having their phone taken away for the rest of the school day and then getting it back after. S ome schools could enforce the rule all day but, â€Å"Kids kind of roll their eyes, and I’m sure they have it out again 10 or 15 feet down the hall,† high school teacher Ed Stried remarked.Many schools allowed to have their phones collected in the beginning of the day and then at assigned times, students are able to use their cell phones, like during Study Hall, or lunch break. Many have found this unsuccessful because kids ignore it and can pretend that they did not have a cell phone on them and hide them through the day, sending texts or pictures. Teachers should not allow this because it can be such a distraction. Their phones should be checked and kept in their locker until school is over.Taking pictures brings me to my next point. Many new phones today have a built in camera feature that allows people to easily take a â€Å"quick-pic† anytime without bringing a whole different device, such as a digital camera. Despite its handy uses, this cool feature can b e used inappropriately. Bullying is also a major issue in school and it comes in many forms, like cyber bullying which includes through phones. Students, if allowed to use their cell phone at anytime throughout a school day, can also take pictures at anytime.Some may be used to shoot a memorable moment, and some may be used to take an embarrassing picture of someone. Many teens are on social networks, always posting updates and uploading pictures of their whereabouts. Many cellular devices allow a quick share feature that can upload the photo that you took straight onto your website. Students can take an advantage of this and may have intentions of not being nice to others in school. They can easily take a picture to make fun of someone or harass them and post it right away on Facebook for example.Having phones allowed to be used during school can cause other dangerous issues and can pose for serious consequences. These serious consequences can also take part when kids do the wrong things with the ability to text and take pictures. One major problem that usage in schools can lead to is cheating. Again, with a camera, kids can take pictures of tests or quizzes to share with other students who have it later in the day. They can also easily get away with texting their friends because most can text without looking at the keyboard.Another important thing is that you can also access the internet. They not only could go to inappropriate websites but also look up answers right in the palm of their hands. Yes, students can enjoy the freedom of being able to text their parents a quick message or check their email but this is unfair to all the students who do not cheat and work really hard studying, so this can be a real problem. Overall, being able to use a cell phone in school can lead to serious issues with students.It should be banned because students ignore the rules, can be used to take pictures inappropriately, and to cheat and/or share answers with others. The re sult of banning cell phone use in school will help maintain a safe and distraction-free atmosphere that all students can enjoy. Source Citation: â€Å"Schools continue to deal with cellular misbehaving. † Janesville Gazette [Janesville, WI] 5 Dec. 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Apri. 2012. â€Å"EDITORIAL: Policy on cell phone use effective. † Daily News [Bowling Green, KY] 30 Oct. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Apri. 2012.

Brain food to Boost your Exam Scores

You could eat oranges, strawberries, blueberries, or bananas, which are especially popular. Vegetables, raw carrots, bell peppers, Brussels sprouts, spinach, broccoli, and asparagus are good choices. Brain blockers On exam day, stay away from foods made of white flour, such as cookies, cakes, and muffins, which require added time and energy to digest. Also avoid foods that are high in refined sugar, such as chocolates, desserts, and sweets. When eaten alone, carbohydrates make you feel more relaxed than alert. So carbs are a good option for the day before the exam, but not on the actual exam day. In addition, carbs such as rice or potatoes, eaten in large quantities, can make you feel heavy and sleepy. Avoid foods that a high in sugar, such as chocolate and Coca-Cola. They will send you off on sugar highs and lows — the opposite of stabilising you during your long exam. Drink brain boosting beverages. Make sure you drink enough water before and during your exam. Tea also works, though without a lot of sugar. Dehydration can make you lose your concentration, feel faint, and sap your energy. Don’t wait till you’re thirsty to drink a glass of water. If you wait till you’re thirsty, it means your body is already a little dehydrated. Avoid alcohol completely on exam day. Obviously, you cannot do well on an exam if you are drunk, have a headache, or are feeling nauseous. In general, reduce your drinking around exam time to avoid hangovers, dullness, or excessive fatigue. Avoid caffeine, as it can increase your nervousness.. Consider taking multivitamins. Most students do not eat a healthy balanced diet. When you survive on pizza, junk food, Red Bull, and coffee, your body ends up with a lack of essential vitamins and minerals. A multivitamin can help. The B vitamins especially strengthen brain functioning. Iron, calcium, and zinc can boost your body’s ability to handle stress. Don’t Forget to Sleep. Many students get into the habit of studying late into the night, hoping to cram in a little more information into their already exhausted brains. Instead, on the night before the exam, stop studying in the early evening. After that, take it easy, eat your dinner, lay out your clothes for the next day, pack your bag, take a shower, set a couple of alarms and head to bed early. You’ve done all you can. To function at your best on exam day, you need not only the energy that comes from healthy nutrition, but also the energy that comes from adequate, restful sleep. Brain food to Boost your Exam Scores You could eat oranges, strawberries, blueberries, or bananas, which are especially popular. Vegetables, raw carrots, bell peppers, Brussels sprouts, spinach, broccoli, and asparagus are good choices. Brain blockers On exam day, stay away from foods made of white flour, such as cookies, cakes, and muffins, which require added time and energy to digest. Also avoid foods that are high in refined sugar, such as chocolates, desserts, and sweets. When eaten alone, carbohydrates make you feel more relaxed than alert. So carbs are a good option for the day before the exam, but not on the actual exam day. In addition, carbs such as rice or potatoes, eaten in large quantities, can make you feel heavy and sleepy. Avoid foods that a high in sugar, such as chocolate and Coca-Cola. They will send you off on sugar highs and lows — the opposite of stabilising you during your long exam. Drink brain boosting beverages. Make sure you drink enough water before and during your exam. Tea also works, though without a lot of sugar. Dehydration can make you lose your concentration, feel faint, and sap your energy. Don’t wait till you’re thirsty to drink a glass of water. If you wait till you’re thirsty, it means your body is already a little dehydrated. Avoid alcohol completely on exam day. Obviously, you cannot do well on an exam if you are drunk, have a headache, or are feeling nauseous. In general, reduce your drinking around exam time to avoid hangovers, dullness, or excessive fatigue. Avoid caffeine, as it can increase your nervousness.. Consider taking multivitamins. Most students do not eat a healthy balanced diet. When you survive on pizza, junk food, Red Bull, and coffee, your body ends up with a lack of essential vitamins and minerals. A multivitamin can help. The B vitamins especially strengthen brain functioning. Iron, calcium, and zinc can boost your body’s ability to handle stress. Don’t Forget to Sleep. Many students get into the habit of studying late into the night, hoping to cram in a little more information into their already exhausted brains. Instead, on the night before the exam, stop studying in the early evening. After that, take it easy, eat your dinner, lay out your clothes for the next day, pack your bag, take a shower, set a couple of alarms and head to bed early. You’ve done all you can. To function at your best on exam day, you need not only the energy that comes from healthy nutrition, but also the energy that comes from adequate, restful sleep.

Information managment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information managment - Coursework Example The article after providing a brief background of the Cloud Computing technology, focuses on its evolutionary path. â€Å"This paper examines cloud computing in the context of other major changes in Information Technology (IT) and explores the revolutionary transformations and challenges it brings to IT management.† (Bento and Bento 39). The authors divide the evolution into six phases starting from 1970’s, when the IT systems in organizations got centralized, particularly regarding the financial and accounting information. They further delve into these phases by discussing how advancement in hardwares, softwares and most prominently Worldwide Web, led to the development of Cloud Computing. Discussion of each phase provides good information and appears to be the strong â€Å"phases† of this article. The next part of the article provides number of definitions for Cloud Computing and high number of definitions appears to be a slight weaker part in the article. Alth ough, giving high number of definitions can gave different perspectives of Cloud Computing, the article has too much definitions and it occupies sizable part of the article, minimizing the other topics. For example, details about how one works in the Cloud has been given only in a minimal manner. In the final part of the article, the author again relates the various evolutionary phases with the business environment. Although, it gives somewhat newer perspectives, it appears to be a kind of repetition of the first part. So, the author could have researched and written more about Cloud Computing applications, instead of giving background information maximally. Critique of the Second Article- Although, this IS based technology, Cloud computing has many benefits including cutting of costs, reorienting work force in other departments, etc, there are some security issues. These security issues is only focused in the journal article, A survey on security issues in service delivery models o f Cloud Computing written by S. Subashini and V. Kavitha. The authors list out the various ways in which the information or data stored in the Cloud could be compromised and that includes issues with Data security, Network security, Data integrity, Data segregation, Web application security Vulnerability in virtualization, etc, etc. The authors start off by providing an apt introduction about Cloud Computing and its optimum application in business enterprises. They provide facts of how cloud computing will grow to $95 billion and that 12% of the worldwide software market will move to the cloud (Subashini and Kavitha 2). Then the authors move into the focus area of security issues, listing and discussing in-depth each security issue. The main strength of this article is that it does not miss any security issue that could plague the Cloud Computing environment. The authors focus on all the probable security issues, even providing real-life examples of companies at some places. However , this can also be viewed as a weakness, because there is not much real-life examples. Only the example of Amazon’s Cloud Computing environment is given at some places, and not much about other companies. Even while, discussing about the probable security issues and the corrective steps, the authors are skeptical whether a new paradigm or model of Cloud Computing will work. They state, that â€Å"A new model targeting at improving features of an existing

Business operation & system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business operation & system - Essay Example Contrary to few decades ago, nowadays, operations managers are enjoying a noteworthy status and importance in the companies; however, at the same time, they are confronting the pressure of ensuring efficiency and efficacy in different processes of the business. In particular, this report is an attempt to identify and examine different aspects of operations management while utilizing case study of an organization that will enable a comprehensive understanding of different strategies and techniques of operations management that will be beneficial for huge number of organizations globally. Business of Choice As mentioned earlier, the report includes a case study that will make it easier to understand the importance of operations management in an organization. For this reason, the researcher has selected ‘Tesco’ (Humby, Hunt & Phillips, pp. ... Contrary to other organizations, Tesco has not only been able to tolerate the adverse impact of global recessions and economic booms but one can observe significant expansion and development in its outlets and centres that is one of the major reasons of its success in the British, as well as global market. For this reason, the Tesco has been the choice of this report that will include its different processes, infrastructure, and activities to carry out the process of scrutiny in the context of operations management. (System Diagram of Tesco’s Retail Store) From this introduction of Tesco, the company does not stand less than a legend in its field as it has been successful in surviving with success for so many years since its establishment in the year 1919. Due to such long success story, Tesco has remained in focus of critics and business experts (Humby, Hunt & Phillips, pp. 15-46, 2007) since a long time, and everyone is always looking for the magic formula of Tesco that has enabled the company to survive, as well as achieve success during recessions as well. Once again, contrary to usual organizations, Tesco has put no efforts in hiding its magic approach, and has been discussing it everywhere, calling it ‘Tesco’s way’ (Humby, Hunt & Phillips, pp. 41-77, 2007). While analyzing Tesco’s way, it is an observation that it is nothing but an efficient application and implementation of operations management’s strategies and methodologies that have facilitated the organization to achieve success in the field. In particular, integration of technology with trained staff, and amalgamation of infrastructure with efficient planning in different

Schmid compliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schmid compliance - Essay Example This is a dicey issue. On one hand, the school, since it must make budget cuts, is being forced to eliminate the women’s varsity softball team. Also, one of the mens’ teams is being cut as well, so it would appear that the university is not being unfair in any manner. However, since the school is approximately 50% men and 50% women, and since 39% of women compete in sports, it seems as though the school may have a difficult time making their case for why this program should be cut. On one hand, the womens’ softball team does have less athletes, than say, the womens’ swim team. It would therefore seem like a logical choice that, in the face of budget cuts, the womens’ softball team would be the first to go. However, considering the fact that the school is comprised of about almost the same amount of men, it seems that the university would want to comply with Title IX. The female student athletes could probably make a reasonable argument that they wer e not being given reasonable accommodation under Title IX. These are the facts. 3. On which of OCR’s three â€Å"benchmarks† for measuring effective accommodation of student athletes’ interests and abilities might the college base its defense? What arguments could the college raise under each? The first benchmark is one that the college might base its defense on. The college could raise the factors under each benchmark that: a) the college had to make budget cuts; b) the cuts that were made were made both to the mens’ and womens’ teams;

Organizations and group behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizations and group behavior - Essay Example In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper the increase of competition in all industries has led organizations to search for strategies, which can help them to develop a competitive advantage towards their rivals. In order to identify the key elements of group behavior it should be necessary to understand primarily the characteristics of a group, as part of the organizational life. In accordance with Martin within organizations, different forms of group can be identified: a) individuals working on similar organizational activities may not constitute a group; for example, the lecture staff in the same department of a particular university may not meet or cooperate; these individuals cannot be characterized as a group, b) the sub-sections of certain organizational departments are often parts of formal organizational units and they are likely to help towards the completion of organizational tasks of low importance, c) informal groups within organizations are common for promoti ng specific organizational tasks or ideas; for instance, the case of ‘friendship groupings and task-depended networks’, d) groups related to a particular organizational project can be developed within an organization; these groups, formal or informal, are not permanent, as for example ‘a project group working on the building of a new oil refinery’, e) formal and informal groups can be developed within organizations for completed a particular organizational task; these groups are ‘transient’, as for example a formal group working on the reduction of the organization’s travel expenses by 10%.... within an organization; these groups, formal or informal, are not permanent (Martin 232), as for example ‘a project group working on the building of a new oil refinery’ (Martin 232), e) formal and informal groups can be developed within organizations for completed a particular organizational task; these groups are ‘transient’ (Martin 232), as for example a formal group working on the reduction of the organization’s travel expenses by 10% (Martin 232). The development of group activities within modern organizations has been often related to the trend of firms to imitate the strategies of their rivals (Griffin and Moorhead 2011). In the study of Griffin and Moorhead (2011) reference is made to the risks that such strategy can hide mostly because of the following fact: the use of teams for promoting organizational plans can be beneficial for organizations but the costs involved can be also significant. The case of Ampex is mentioned as an example of the benefits of team development within modern organization: in Ampex, the involvement of teams in organizational activities led to the increase of ‘online customer delivery by 98%) (Griffin and Moorhead 272). In Texas Instruments, the use of teams for developing the daily organizational tasks resulted to the reduction of organizational costs for about 50% (Griffin and Moorhead 272). Also, in Eastman, the development of teams across the organization supported the increase of organizational performance at significant levels; the productivity of the organization was increased for about 70%, a result which was directly related to the involvement of teams in all organizational projects (Griffin and Moorhead 272). In accordance with the above findings, the role of group in the development of organizational performance,